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31 Cards in this Set
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Conservationist |
Advocates "sensible, careful use of resources" *note, "use" implies humans part of nature *don't confuse with "wise use" movement |
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Preservationist |
Advocate for land "without significant human interference" *Yellowstone National Park, 1872 *National park system spread throughout world-emphasis on scenic value, wildlife |
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Environmentalists |
Concerned with human impact on environmental quality *concerns: pollution; overpopulation/over-consumption *trace to Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962)-pesticide use tied to bird decline; led to first Earth day (1970) DET Biomagnification |
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Ecologists |
scientists who studies interactions between species/environments *During 60s/70s; used to mean anyone with an environmentalist stance |
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Conservation History |
Naturally occurred as humans over stripped resource base, or as they saved resources to mak it through hard times. Deuteronomy 22:6-7, first known conservation law Asoka, emperor of India, 274BC-232BC, wrote early wildlife conservation laws Muhammad |
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New World Conservation |
Rhode Island-deer hunting regulations by 1693. However, dominant philosophy: convert natural resources to economic wealth as rapidly as possible to use for benefit of people John Locke's Second Treatise on Government Led to overexploitation/abuse |
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Europe |
Eeanest, late 19th century increasing cultivation and use of firearms led to extinctions Storks, Cranes, Great Bustards, ospreys, sea eagles, wild boar, wolves Buzzard went into rapid decline <1% of land in Britain is in nature reserves |
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United States |
1930's Dust Bowl and massive soil erosion led to conservation efforts Conservation only for economically important resources Explicit protection for non-economic resources did not occur until 60s/70s Endangered species act, passed in 1973, Richard Nixon |
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Main Conservation Ethics |
J. Baird Callicot, 1990, Whither Conservation Ethics? Three ethics based on writings of major American conservationists |
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Romantic-Transcendental Preservation Ethic |
Emerson/Thoreau focused on writings by John Muir 1838-1914, founder of the Sierra Club Communion with nature; being closer to God; spiritual values more important than economic Nature as a temple anthropocentric emphasize imstrumental value of nature-utility for people didnt claim intrinsic value, independent of usefulness to people |
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Resource Conservation Ethic |
Gifford Pinchot, 1865-1946 founder of the US Forest Service under T. Roosevelt Natural resources should be sued to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time Preserve resources for future generations Grew out of horrific overexploitation and land degeneration anthropocentric emphasize imstrumental value of nature-utility for peopledidnt claim intrinsic value, independent of usefulness to people |
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Anthropocentric |
People-centered view of nature |
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Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic |
Aldo Leopold 1886-1948 focused on utility for humans only species have value because of their utility to ecosystems-they are parts of the whole called for saving every species now known as land ethic |
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Darwins Impact |
Humans as a natural product of evolution deflation of human self-promotion above the rest of the natural world all species may have equal intrinsic value |
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Muir and Pinchot |
people separate from nature |
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Leopold |
people as citizen-members of the biotic team |
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People's use of nature must be responsible |
consider intrinsic rights of other species |
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Conservation biology |
the applied science of maintaing the earth's biological diversity |
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Reed Noss |
Science in the service of conservation A cross disciplinary field; draws on law, economics, philosophy, education, sociology Number-one environmental concern for majority of biologists |
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Origin of Discipline |
1978: First International congress on Conservation Biology, San Diego 1980: seminal book Conservation Biology edited by Michael Soule and Bruce Wilcox 1987: The Society for Conservation Biology, Journal Conservation Biology |
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Wildlife Management |
A Different Discipline Original focus on maintenance of game species Still Largely true wildlife=deer and turkey more and more state wildlife agencies are focusing on nongame and endangered species |
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Discipline arose from awareness that Earth is undergoing a mass extinction spasm |
1) present threats to biodiversity are unprecedented 2) these threats are accelerating due to human population growth and technological advances 3) threats act synergistically: combinations of threats make situation worse 4) what is bad for biodiversity is almost certainly bad for humans |
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Conservationist* |
advocates for sensible careful use of resources |
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Preservationist* |
advocates for land without significant human interference |
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Yellowstone |
1872 |
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National park system |
emphasis on scenic value, wildlife |
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Environmentalists* |
Concerned with human impact on environmental quality |
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Rachel Carson |
environmentalist Silent Spring 1962 |
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Ecologist* |
scientist who studies interactions between species/environment |
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John Locke |
second treatise on government overexploition and abuse |
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Endangered species act |
passed in 1973 by richard nixon |
