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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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apprentice
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person who works for a master to learn a trade, art or business
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cortes
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assembly of nobles, clergy, and town officials in medieval Spain
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charter
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formal document granting the right of self-rule
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scholasticism
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medieval school of thought that tried to bring together Aristotle’s philosophy and the teachings of Church scholars
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Crusades
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military expeditions by European Christians in the 11th - 13th centuries to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
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guild
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medieval business associations of merchants or craftsworkers
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vernacular
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the language of everyday speech, not of scholars, in a country or region
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money economy
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economic system in which money (not barter) is used to buy and sell
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pilgrimage
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Journey to a holy land
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simony
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the selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church
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master
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skilled artisan who owned a shop and employed other craftsworkers
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troubadours
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poet-musician in the Middle Ages, who traveled from court to court
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What four changes led to an increase in agricultural productivity?
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Horses
plows three field system collar harness |
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What was the location, construction and one eventual result of the medieval towns?
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location: western europe
construction: no sactation result: sickness, black death |
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What replaced the barter system?
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Money economy - the economic system in which money (not barter) is used to buy and sell
The feudal system declined which allowed serfs to buy their own freedom. Led to growth in banking |
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What was the main function of a guild?
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MERCHANT GUILDS - business association that maintained a of the local markets for its members.
CRAFT GUILDS - Regulated the work of its craftspeople, set rules on prices, wages, employment and standards of quality. |
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Who were the new middle-class burgesses, and what was their effect on the structure of medieval society?
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Burgesses = middleclass townspeople - merchants, bankers and artisans who did not have to depend on the land to make a living. They made towns organized, with councils and politics and spread money economy.
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What were THREE of the subjects taught in the universities?
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Roman Law
Works of Aristotle Muslim writings. |
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What did scholasticism teach?
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Emphasized reason as well as faith in the interpretation of Christianity.
Blended classical philosophy (Aristotle) with the Church’s teaching. |
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What is vernacular literature as opposed to Latin literature?
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Vernacular language is everyday language. Previously everything was in Latin, now it was in their own language (i.e. Spanish, French)
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What were FOUR characteristics of the new Gothic cathedral?
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Flying buttresses
stained glass windows higher ecological columns opened interiors |
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The Hundred Years’ War between France and England grew out of a dispute over ...
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Land. England wanted to keep land the French inherited from the Normans and the French wanted this land for their kingdom.
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Who claimed sovereignty over all England and France in A.D. 1337?
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Edward III
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The Hundred Years’ War actually lasted from A.D. 1337 to..
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A.D. 1453
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What were two of the major technological developments of the Hundred Years’ War?
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the cannon and Longbow
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The War o f the Roses were between which two houses and which two leaders?
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House of Lancaster, Henry Tutor
House of York, Edward, Duke of York. |
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What color and type of flower represented the two houses mentioned above (War of Roses)?
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Red Rose
White Rose |
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Muslims, Jews, and Christians were able to live and work in the kingdoms of _____ and _____ until A.D. 1492.
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Castile and Aragon
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Beginning in the early A.D. 700s, Muslims lived in Spain for a total of _____ centuries.
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Seven
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Why did Pope Clement V move the papacy to France?
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To escape Civil Wars that were disrupting in Italy.
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What was the name given to describe the papacy’s exile in France?
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Babylon Captivity
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How did the Great Schism come about?
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The Christian Church had two Popes
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What were two results of the Great Schism?
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A great division in the church and undermined the pope’s authority.
How could there be two if one was the divinely chosen leader? |
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What three things about the church did John Wycliffe criticize?
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The Church’s wealth
Pope’s claim to absolute authority Corruption among the clergy. |
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Why did the Church not want Wycliffe to translate the Bible into English?
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They believed only the clergy could interpret God’s words.
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What THREE elements led to the environment in which Jan Hus became important?
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The Slavs of Bohemia became Aware of their national identity,
Didn’t want to be ruled by the Germans, Translated the larbie to their names. |
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What situation led to Jan Hus being burned on his way to Constance?
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He was a leader of the religious reform movement and spokes out against the Church. Czechs were ready for a rebellion.
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After the Crusades against the Hussites and the compromise in A.D. 1436, what was a lasting result of the Hussite movement?
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The Holy Roman Empire gave the Hussites certain religious liberties in return for their allegiance to the Church. Jan Hus’s teachings spread through out Europe and influenced more radical reformers.
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What were two contributions made by women to the society of the Middle Ages?
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Working women served in guild
Women in convents and royal laws wrote literature. |
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What was the impact of the Black Death?
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The Black Death caused people to move to other regions because of the illnesses spreading to the south.
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Yurts
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Moveable tents used by nomads
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Yasa
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Mongol law code
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daimyo
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A powerful local noble
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meritocracy
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System in which people gain successes on the basis of ability.
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samurai
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Class of landowning warriors in feudal Japan.
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shamanism
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Belief of spirits inhabit living and nonliving things.
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shogun
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Military ruler of feudal Japan
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shogunate
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Government established by shoguns.
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clans
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Group based on military ties.
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What region of the world did the early Mongols originate?
What is the name of the present day country? |
They originate in the region of Central Asia, northwest of China.
The country today, is called Mongolia |
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Describe the Seljuk Turks at the time of Mongol conquest 1000 AD.
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They were a group of Muslim Turks, & moved from Central Asia into Middle East. They formed settlements and restored the Sunni caliphate.
They gained control of the main trade routes between Eastern Asia, the Middle East and Europe. They built an empire. |
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Who is Genghis Khan? What is his legacy?
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Originally named Temujin, his greatest achievement was to organize the Mongols into cavalry units, under the command of skilled officers. The Mongols became the most skilled fighting force in the world. Became known as Genghis Khan (means universal ruler).
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How did the Mongols generally make alliances?
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They conquered groups and then learned from them.
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Who is Ogadi Khan?
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He was the ruler after Genghis Khan. He moved the other Mongols westward during the battles of gaining land. After his death, his widow ruled the Mongols until a new Khan was selected.
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How did the Mongols make their living when they were nomadic?
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They lived in moveable tents called yurts , sometimes they farmed in small communities, women raised grain, men herded animals.
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Who was Timur Lenk?
What did he accomplish? |
He was a Turkish-Mongol chief of a small nomadic tribe, who extended his rule through many wars with neighboring tribes. He hoped to spread Islam to new areas. He united the Turkish Mongols by conquests and ruled over much of the Middle East. He built a huge empire but it collapsed.
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From whom did the Mongols learn about siege warfare?
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From the Chinese
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Much of Genghis Khan’s life was consumed with what?
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Military affairs, warfare, taking over land to add under his name, building the Mongol Empire.
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What was Mongol communication on the battle front like?
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It was efficient because they conquered a lot of land. Easy to communicate because they were very skilled horseman.
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Describe Mongol dwellings
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Yurts - moveable tents
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What was the Mongol religion like?
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The Mongol religion brought together every different country that the Mongols were in like in Persia and in Central Asia they converted to Islam and intermarried with local Turkish population, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
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What was the Mongols primary means of transportation?
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Horseback and long walking
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What was the Mongol style of warfare like?
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seige warfare
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What connected all of the Mongol conquered territories? What was the extent of the empire?
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Mongol conquered territory were connected by culture and what they learned from the people. The empire was not lasting because in AD 1205. The Mongol territories were in Russia, Central Asia and Persia. Gave alliances to Khan to Mongolia.
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What is the name of the only cultural capital the Mongols left behind?
What was the city like under Timur Lenk? |
Samarkand.
A wealthy trading craft center, known for beautifully decorated mosques and tombs. |
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At its height the Mongol empire stretched from where to where?
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The Mongol empire stretched from China to Western Europe. Including Persia, Russia and Central Asia
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How did civil service examinations aid in the development of a strong central government in China?
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To be in gov. you took civil service exams measured knowledge of Confucian principles -- the individual was to obey the emperor like a son obeys his father. Because any male could take the exams - China claimed to be a meritocracy (people are chosen for their talents and performance).
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Why did China’s economy expand during Song rule?
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Tai Cong restored central government, maintaining control of the empire, while expanding it. They gave land to farmers and enforced peace. Farmers were able to experiment and got greater crop yields and then people had more food, and population grew.
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In what ways did Chinese innovations change the cultures of Korea and Japan?
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They created waterways which altered the way off life in almost everyway changed ideas about art, government, and religion.
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Identify key events in the development of the Mayan civilization.
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Religion with an idea off 2 levels of existence.
Kings as spiritual leaders Base 20 mathematics, astronomical charting, calender, calender system. |
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Why did a team of archaeologists go to Guatemala in 1989
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To learn why the golden age of the Maya ended in the 9th century.
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How did the archaeological finds change our view of Mayan society?
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It was not a peaceful kingdom with ceremonial centers, but full of battle and human sacrifice.
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Why do scholars believe warfare among rival Mayan kings contributed to the decline of the Mayan civilization?
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1. reduced farming
2. Distributed trade 3. Killed the young. |
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How did the Aztecs build their extensive empire?
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Through warfare and trade
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Who conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521?
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The Spanish - Hernan Cortes
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What was the Aztecs’ original profession?
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Hunters and Farmers and they became more warriors
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What profession did they change to and why did they have to adapt?
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Population grew, people moved to mainland. Aztecs became warriors, conquering city-states and made people pay tribute
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Name the capital of the Aztec Empire
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Tenochtitlan
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What was unique about the capital city’s location?
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It was in the middle of a lake on an Island.
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What were the four distinct social classes of Aztec society?
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1. Nobility
2. Commoners (+ Priests, merchants, artisans, farmers) 3. Serfs (+ farm workers) 4. Slaves (+ debtors, and criminals) |
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What four causes eventually led to the defeat of the Aztecs?
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1. alliances
2. weapons 3. geography 4. disease |
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What did the Aztec religion require in order to keep the gods happy?
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Required human sacrifice, used the blood and heart
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Who was considered the most powerful person in Aztec society?
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It was a hierarchy. At the top was the emperor.
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What were the primary responsibilities of nobles?
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To help the king manage the kingdom, tax collectors, judges.
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Name one duty of the Aztec warrior.
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Fought to capture victims for religious sacrifices, brought great wealth to the empire and were very well respected.
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What service did an Aztec merchant provide?
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They gathered goods from all over the empire and expanded the trade routes.
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Approximately how many victims a year did the Aztec priests sacrifice for religious purposes?
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10,000
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Who made up the lowest class of Aztec society?
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Slaves (including debtors, and criminals)
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Name one scientific achievement of the Aztecs.
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360 day religious calendar to determine appropriate days for planting crops and going to war.
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Which continent did the Inca Empire originate?
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South America
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By the 1500s the Incan Empire was huge and had how many people?
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12 Million
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What was the name of the language developed by the Incas?
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Quecha
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How did the Aztec society differ from the Inca society?
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The Aztecs were a hierarchy and the Inca were many small tribes. Incas local rules govern territories, as long as they were loyal to the ruler of the central government.
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Who conquered the Incas?
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Spanish Conquistadors
Francisco Pizzaro |
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What year were the Incas conquered?
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1587
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Which son eventually won the war and ruled the Inca Empire?
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Atahoipa
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What great achievements were the Incas known for?
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Common Imperial language
Strong central government Roads and suspension bridges Priests served as medical doctors (surgery) Astronomy Math to design buildings and roads |
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Name the two main social classes of the Inca Empire?
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Upper class
Lower class |
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Capital of Inca Empire?
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Cuzco
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Who made up the upper class of Inca Empire?
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Nobles, priests
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Who made up the lower class of the Inca Empire?
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Farmers, artisans, servants
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What was the religion of the Incas like? How did it differ from the Aztecs?
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Incas believed in many deities, including the creator god, the son god. They offered food, animals and sometimes, human sacrifices. The Aztecs thought that human sacrifice was necessary to keep the gods happy.
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How did Spaniards affect the Aztec and Inca civilizations?
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Spaniards conquered both the Aztecs and the Incas and destroyed both of their civilizations.
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What bodies of water bordered the Aztec Empire?
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1. Pacific
2. Gulf of Mexico 3. Bay of Campeche |
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Name at least two cities located on Lake Texcoco
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Texcoco
Tula |
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Why was Cuzco a better location for the Inca capital than Quito?
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Cuzco had large mountains and was more isolated.
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How many miles of road network connected Inca’s vast empire?
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15,000 miles
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Name three peoples of Lake Texcoco
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Otomis
Chichimers Colhuas |
