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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A practice in singing in which a solo vocalist is answered by a group of singers. Also heard in instrumental music, or between vocalists ans instrumentalists, the style is vocal in origin.
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Call and Response aka Antiphonal Singing
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A type of work song in which a solo singer shouts out a melody very loudly so that it is picked up by other workers in far fields. It starts out at a high pitch and descends by the end of the line.
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Field Holler
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Altered pitch or pitches of a blues scale or song.
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Blue notes
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Blue note scale degrees
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3rd and 7th scale degrees
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The simple harmonic progression of church hymns which blues is derived.
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I, IV, V
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African Historian / Musicians
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Jali (p. Jalolu) aka griot
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"Father of the Blues"
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William Christopher (W.C.) Handy
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Form with a basic pulse counted in groups of four with, with four pulses(beats) to each bar.
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12-bar blues progression
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A melodic and harmonic formula that is played at the end of a larger chord progression to prepare the performers and listeners for another repetition of the progression.
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Turnaround
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An instrumental embellishment played during breaks (rests) in a vocal melody. A response to a sung call at the end of each sung line.
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Fill
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Texas Rural Blues traits
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>More Clearly Sung Lyrics
>Higher Singing >More Linear and Melodic Guitar >Guitar less percussive, more smooth >Alternating Bass & Treble Playing >Single String Melody Fills >Repeated Melodic Riffs on Bass Strings >Arpeggiated Chords |
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Blind Lemon Jefferson's protege ("eyes") who later came into his own as a guitarist.
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Aaron "T-Bone" Walker
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Mississippi Delta Blues traits
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>sliding from note to note
>slide guitar >wailing singing style (forlorn) >small melodic range >intricate polyrhythms >rhythmic fills (rather than melodic) >percussive playing style |
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Refers to all music recorded by African-Americans from 1920s-1940s. Usually small indie labels. Called R&B records during late 40s.
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Race Records
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1st successful "down home" (rural) blues artist.
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Blind Lemon Jefferson of the Paramount label.
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The Mississippi Delta States
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Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee
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"Father of the Delta Blues Style"
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Charley Patton
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Bouncy, long-short rhythm associated with boogie woogie.
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Barrelhouse Rhythm. Derived from bars or "barrelhouses".
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Two or more rhythms performed simultaneously.
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Polyrhythm
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Notes that are fingered on the fretboard but lightly picked or dampened.
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"ghost" notes
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Texas Urban Blues traits
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>stronger influence on other blues and jazz than rock
>Generally horns as backup >Sax as soloing >Strong piano basis (not guitar) |
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Chicago Urban Blues traits
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>From Mississippi Delta Blues
>Slide Guitar >Frequent slides between notes >Frequent use of bent notes >Double-stopped strings, and bent double-stops >Intricate rhythm patterns, and polyrhythms >Single string fills |
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A jazz piano style that is characterized by a left hand ostinato. Uneven pulses gave a bouncy feel. Popular during the jazz "swing era".
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Boogie Woogie. AKA "honky tonk"
Possibly derived from Mandingo word buga: to beat a drum; or slang bogy: dark apparitions, later slang for blacks |
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Boogie Woogie traits
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>8 quick pulses per measure (8 to the bar)
>barrelhouse rhythm (bounced) >Improvised right hand >Ostinato left hand >12-bar blues >Complex polyrhythm between hands |
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A motive, phrase or theme that is constantly repeated while other musical elements change; riff
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Ostinato
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The first beat of a measure. Also the regular accented beats in a4/4 measure, beats 1 and 3.
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Downbeat
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Placing a strong accent on the offbeats. In a 4-beat measure, the drummer typically emphasizes beats 2 and 4, the basic rhythm for rock.
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Backbeat
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A derogatory term for country & western music. Initially "old time music"
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Hillbilly
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Musical ensemble associated with Southern country music, from 1920's.
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String Band
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Type of bass accompaniment in which the bassist plays the root of the chord on the 1st beat of a measure and the 5th on the 3rd beat of a measure.
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Two-beat Bass
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String Band characteristics
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>Lead Vocalist
>2-4 backup singers >Fiddles >Acoustic Guitars >Acoustic Bass >Possibly banjos, mandolins >After 1932 – pedal steel guitar |
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The three distinct styles of Country after 1920s.
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Southern Country
Bluegrass Southwestern Country Swing |
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Derived from folk music brought to US by anglo/irish/scottish settlers, 17-18th centuries
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Country & Western
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Southern Country traits
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>Simple melodies (narrow range, uncomplicated surface rhythms)
>Simple harmonic structures >Simple rhythms, clear meters >Two-beat bass >Little instrumental improvisation >Nasal vocalists, slide from pitch to pitch with voice, use yodeling technique >Text often about unrequited love, jilted lovers |
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Mixes elements of Southern country with big band swing
Originated in the Texas string bands, late 1920s – early 1930s |
Southwestern Country Swing
aka Western Swing |
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Southwestern Country Swing traits
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Added Drums, Piano, Steel Guitar, (often) horn section.
Improvisation encouraged |
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Vocalist that sung ballads in jump blues.
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Smooch Tenor
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Short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern repeated over and over while musical changes take place. Often the harmonic and rhythmic basis of the entire song.
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Riff
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Use of a metal sleeve or small glass bottle on the chording hand.
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Slide Guitar
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Note whose pitch is slightly altered by pilling on a string or raising or lowering the voice.
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Bent Note
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Recording that has been recorded and released after the original version.
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Cover records
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Jump band singer of fast and party songs. Known for “adult” quality lyrics. Sung raw, rough-edged blues.
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Shouter or Screamer
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Type of bass line in which each beat of a measure is a different tone.
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Walking Bass
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First film to use rock 'n' roll in soundtrack.
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The Blackboard Jungle
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Rock 'n' roll that developed around Memphis, TN in mid 50s.
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Rockabilly
aka Memphis Country Rock. Name from rock 'n' roll and hillbilly. |
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Playing two strings simultaneously
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Double Stop
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Pulling the strings on a double bass out away from the fingerboard and letting them snap back against it again which strikes a note and creates a loud click.
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Slapped Bass
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Peristent Rhythm used by Diddley based on West African rhythm used by shoeshine boys.
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Bo Diddley Beat
aka juba rhythm, and hambone rhythm |
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doo wop progression
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I vi IV V (chords built on the marjor tonic, minor submediant [6th scale], major subdominant, and major dominant)
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Co-owner and chieef recording engineer of J & M Studio.
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Cosimo Matassa
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Musician/Producer that discovered Fats Domino
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David Bartholomew
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Owner of Sun Records
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Sam Philips
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Recording studio where Memphis Country R&R style developed primarily with figures such as Elvis, Perkins, and Cash
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Sun Records
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Disc Jockey who coined the term "rock 'n' roll"
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Alan Freed
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A Rhythm and Blues singer who sung Hound Dog, attracting a young white audience, and was a model for one of Elvis Presley's most famous recordings.
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Big Mama Thornton
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Elvis' lead guitarist, a frequent visitor to Sun Studios, he accompanied Elvis on the first Presley hit "That's All Right Mama"
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Scotty Moore
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R&B musician that recorded the "first rock 'n' roll song", Rocket 88.
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Jackie Brenston
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Owner of the Clovis, NM recording studio where Buddy Holly recorded. He served as his manager and producer with composing credits. Holly left him due to difficulties with this.
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Norman Petty
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Influencial Memphis Rock musician that composed Blue Suede Shoes, the first rockabilly song to reach the national top ten.
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Carl Perkins
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Entrepeneur who signed Elvis to a contract giving him composing credit and made him one of the highest-paid entertainers of all time.
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Col. Tom Parker
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Architect of rockabilly sound that recorded Summertime Blues, an anthem for youth of the R&R generation. Used overdubbing, echo, and doubletracking vocals.
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Eddie Cochran
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Owners of an important record label of blues and R&R artists such as Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley.
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Phil and Leonard Chess of Chess Studios
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Influential Jewish songwriters that wrote Hound Dog and many other influential songs.
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Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller
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Earliest instrumental surf rock group to become popular with Walk, Don't Run. Considered to be the most influential instrumental rock group.
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The Ventures
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R&B Traits
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>Harsher vocal style (shouter)
>More Risque Lyrics >Loud instruments >Like jump blues:Vocalist, Piano, Acoustic Bass, Electric guitar, Drums, Tenor Sax >May also include: Backing vocals, organ, horns >Emphatic dance rhythms >Excitement >Hard-driving rhythms, emphasis on backbeat (beats 2 and 4 in 4/4) |
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Northern Band Traits
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>A steady, mechanical meter
>Fast tempos >Quick and even surface rhythms >Staccato guitar chords on the backbeat >A slapped, walking bassline >A boogie woogie ostinato (often, not always) |
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New Orleans Dance Rock n Roll traits
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>An overall bass function
>Boogie Woogie barrelhouse rhythm >The basic beat is often subdivided into three quick pulses (triplet feel) >Rhythms and meters are looser than the stiff, mechanical meters of Bill Haley |
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Memphis Country Rock Traits
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>Emphasis on backbeat – stiff or even barrelhouse, not loose and let back
>Instrumentation (string bands) >Strict Rhythm >Nasal singing style >Pronunciation (accent) >Overall treble-dominated sound (twangy >Stuttering, yelps, cracked falsetto >Generally fast tempos >Propelled by slapped bass >Looser sense of rhythm than Haley, stricter sense of rhythm than New Orleans >Recorded with natural studio echo Mostly recorded at SUN STUDIOS |
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Chicago R&R Traits
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>Generally Fast Tempos
>Hard-Driving Beat >Even Beat Subdivisions – >Barrelhouse sound without bounce. >Guitar-based bands >Soloists are guitarists – because band leader is a guitarist >Instrumentation like R&B band: lead vocal, electric guitar, bass, drums, piano >May Use horns for background riffing. >Generally no backup singers |
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Vocal Group Traits
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>lead vocalist supported by 3-4 backup
>tight, close harmony >backup sing nonsense >instrumentalists deep in background |
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Carl Perkins Guitar Traits
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>Finger picking on electric
>right hand to dampen strings >string bends >playing extended chords >syncopated rhythms >chord anticipations |
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Dick Dale Traits
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>trebly, tinny guitar tone
>heavy use of reverb >fast, staccato double picking >descending chromatic slide >middle eastern influence |
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Beach boys traits
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>Tightly arranged vocal harmony
>high lead vocals |
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Instrumental Surf Rock Traits
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>Twangy, treble sound
>Heavy use of whammy bar >strong reverb >fast double picking |
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Blind lemon is what type?
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Texas rural Blues
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Robert Johnsone and Charley Patton are what type?
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Mississippi Delta Blues
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Muddy Waters is what type?
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Chicago Blues
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Aaron T-bone Walker is what type?
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Texas Urban Blues
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Fats Domino, Little Richard are what type?
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New Orleans Dance Rock
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Elvis, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Eddie Cochran, Roy Orbison, Gene Vincent, Ricky Nelson are what?
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Memphis country rock
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Chicago Rock Performers
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Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly
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Vocal Group Performers
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Orioles, Franky Lyman and the teenagers, the coasters, marvalettes, shirrelles
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