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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Mississippi Constitution of 1890? |
In order to vote, voters had to pay $2 poll tax, had to be able to read or understand constitution and excluded those convicted of burglary, bribery, theft or bigamy. |
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What were the changes in African American votes between 1890-1920? |
- Fell by 62% in the South as a whole. - Lousiana in 1890 had about 130,000. Had about 5000 in 1900. |
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What was the idea of separate but equal? |
- Social segregation upheld by Supreme Court. - Plessy v Ferguson 1896, Louisiana state law required separate but equal accommodation for A-As and white passengers on public carriers and provided penalty for those in wrong car. Plessy argued this violated 14th + 15th amendments. 8/9 justices approved of doctrine. |
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What were the inequalities in education? |
- after 1890, Mississppi invested 19% of total education budget in blacks who were 60% of school-age pop. - Worse in rural areas where child labour needed by planters and farmers. Buildings usually wooden huts and teachers lacked proper qualifications. - Some Southern states like N Carolina attempted reform in progressive era - rural blacls benefitted from uplift programmes of Rockefeller and Rosenwald funds. - literacy rates increased steadily. |
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What was the effect of terror on African Americans? |
- white violence created fear and reinforced obstacle to free expression under the caste system. - 88% of lynching between 1882-1968 carried out in former Confederate states of south. - informal modes of keeping A-As in their place were economic intimidation, physical violence and the riot (euphemism for mass slaughter of AAs) |
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What were African Americans response through organisations? |
- NAACP established in 1910 with goal of equal rights and opportunities for all - their strategy was litigation to challenge racist laws. - 1910 Oklahoma introduced own grandfather clause, 2 of its election officials prosecuted by NAACP for carrying out new state law. |
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What were African Americans responses through violence? |
- 1900 Georgetown, S Carolina, neatly 1000 A-As surrounded a jail to prevent lynching of one of their fellows. - 1900 New Orleans, Robert Charles shot a white policeman and killed 7 whites before being killed. Caused New Orleans race riot and gave him hero status. |
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What were African Americans response through accommodation? |
-majority of A-As to some extent accommodated system. - Washington was main advocate of accommodation. - evolved programme to secure acquiescence of Southern and northern whites in educational and economic elevation of rural black peasantry to aspiring urban black bourgeoisie. - promoted public health measures for blacks and supported black enterprise, notably National Negro Business League which anticipated later forms of economic black nationalism. |
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What were African Americans response through education? |
- 1870-1900 about 2000 black got college degrees. Only 66 between 1820-1870. - by 1910, 70% of blacks at least functionally literate. -new generation of balcks, most critical of Tuskegee-Hampton educational philosophy. - Social disturbances 1917 and 1919 showed they'd retaliate against white inspired violence and dissatisfaction with conditions. |
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What were African Americans responses through migration and emigration movements? |
- organisations such as American Colonisation Society and International Migration Society transported A-As back to Africa. - Bishop Henry Turner (most widely know leader of back to Africa campaign) believed it offered chance to flee persecution and to build and develop Africa. - before outbreak of ww1 A-As began moving north for better job opportunities and less persecution. |
