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114 Cards in this Set
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Defined as the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another.
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Anatomy
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Defined as the study of how the body works and how various parts function in relation to each other.
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Physiology
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Defined as the study of the development of the body from a fertilized egg, or ovum.
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Embryology
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The plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
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Median or Midsagittal plane
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Any plane parallel to the midsagittal plane.
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Sagittal Plane
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Plane that divides the body into anterior(front) and posterior(rear) sections.
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Frontal or Coronal Planes
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Plane that divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) sections.
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Horizontal or Transverse Plane.
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Near or toward the midline of the body.
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Medial
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Away from the point of origin.
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Distal
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Farther away from the midline of the body.
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Lateral
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Nearer the point of origin.
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Proximal
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Toward the head
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Cranial
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Toward the lower end of the body.
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Caudal
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The outward part of surface of a structure.
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Peripheral
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the body's self-regulated control of it's internal environment.
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Homeostasis
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physical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat into it's simplest forms.
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Digestion
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The process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.
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Metabolism
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What is known as "the secret of life?"
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Protoplasm
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A selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell
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Plasma Membrane
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What controls the chemical reactions occuring in the cell?
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Nucleus
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How many chromosomes are in the human cell?
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46
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Which cells have their nuclei located at about the same level and are found in the linings of the uterus, digestive system, and respiratory system?
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Columnar Epithelial
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Which cells are cubical in shape and are found in the kidneys and ovaries?
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Cuboidal Epithelial
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Which cells are thin scalelike cells that are found in the tympanic membrane or free surface of the skin?
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Squamous Epithelial
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Which tissue is found between muscles and is an outside covering for blood vessels and nerves?
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Areolar Connective Tissue
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What is also known as "fatty tissue?"
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Adipose Connective Tissue
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Which tissue is considered voluntary and is attached to bones?
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Which tissue is considered involuntary and are found in the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and urinary bladder.
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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What is the basic cell of the nerve?
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Neuron
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What is the study of the structure of bone?
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Osteology
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What is the hard outer shell of a bone called? The inner spongy portion called?
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Compact bone and Cancellous Tissue
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Which part of the bone houses marrow?
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Medullary Canal
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What is the thin outer membrane of the bone the supplies nurishment?
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Periosteum
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Name the short bones.
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Wrist and ankle bones.
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Name the flat bones.
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Skull, sternum, and scapula.
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Name the irregular bones.
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Vertebrae, mandible, and pelvic bones.
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How many bones are there in the skull
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28. Six of which are ear bones.
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How many bones are in the cranium?
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8
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How many facial bones are there?
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14
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How many bones are in the vertebral column?
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24 movable, the sacrum, and coccyx. Total 26.
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The ileum, ischium, and pubis form what?
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innominate bone.
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What is the longest muscle in the body?
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Satorius muscle.
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How much blood is in the average adult?
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5-6 liters
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Plasma constitutes ____% of whole blood.
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55%
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How many red blood cells are in the average man? average woman?
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5 million per cubic millimeter in men and 4.5 million per cubic millimeter in women.
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What is the key to the RBC's ability to carry O2 and CO2?
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Hemoglobin
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How many white blood cells are there in the average person?
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6,000-8,000 per cubic millimeter.
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What process allows WBC's to engulf disease-bearing bacteria?
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Phagocytosis.
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What is an increase in the number of WBC's called?
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Leukocytosis
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How many blood platelets, or thrombocytes, are in the average person?
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250,000 per cubic millimeter.
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What disease is characterized by delayed clotting of blood and consequent difficulty controlling hemorrhage?
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Hemohilia
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What is the heart lubricated with?
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Pericardial fluid.
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Do veins carry oxygenated, or deoxygenated blood?
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Deoxygenated
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What is commonly called the "pacemaker" of the heart?
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Sinoatrial(SA) node
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What is the largest artery in the body?
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Aorta
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What are the 3 principle venous systems of the body?
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Pumonary, portal, and systemic.
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All tissue cells of the body are continuously bathed in _____________?
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Interstitial fluid
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What are the two types of respiration?
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1. Physical/Mechanical
2. Physiological |
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What is also known as the "voice box?"
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The Larynx
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Where does oxygen exchange with carbon dioxide?
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In the alveolar and capillary cell walls.
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What part of the neuron acts as a receptor?
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Dendrites
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Which part of the neuron acts as a transmitter?
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Terminal branches
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What is the space between on neuron's terminal branches and the next one's dendrites?
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The Synapse
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What are the two main divisions of the brain?
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The cerebrum and cerebellum.
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Which portion of the brain is referred to as "gray matter" and why?
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The cortex because it is unmyelinated.
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Which portion of the brain is referred to as "white matter?"
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The medulla
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What divides the cerebrum into two halves?
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The sagittal cleft
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List what the lobes of the brain are responsible for.
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Frontal: memory
Parietal: general sensations Occipital: sight Temporal: hearing |
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What are the 3 layers of meninges?
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The dura mater, the arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater (from outer to inner).
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What part of the brain controls vital processes such as heart action, breathing, circulation, and blood pressure?
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The medulla oblongata.
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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12 pairs.
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Which nervous system gives a feeling of "flight or fight?"
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The sympathetic system.
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What is the olfactory cranial nerve responsible for?
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Sense of smell.
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What is the optic cranial nerve responsible for?
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Vision.
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What is the oculomotor cranial nerve responsible for?
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Eye movement, size of pupil, and eye focus.
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What is the trochlear cranial nerve responsible for?
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Eye movements.
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What is the trigeminal cranial nerve responsible for?
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Sensations of the head and face and chewing movements.
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What is the abducens cranial nerve responsible for?
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Abduction of the eye(muscles that turn outward.
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions, secretion of saliva, and sense of taste?
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Facial
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for sense of hearing and balance or equilibrium sense?
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Acoustic
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste and other sensations of teh tongue, swallowing movements, and secretion of saliva?
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Glossopharyngeal.
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of movement (e.g. decrease in HR, increase in peristalsis, and contracting of muschles for voice production?)
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Vagus
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for shoulder movements, turning movements of the head, and voice production?
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Accessory
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Whih cranial nerve is responsible for tongue movements?
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Hypoglosssal
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What is known as the "master gland" of the body?
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Pituitary gland
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Which hormone is responsible for body growth and developement?
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Somatotropin
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Which hormone is responsible for the growth of the thyroid?
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Thyrotropin
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Which hormone is responsible for the normal development and functioning of the reproductive system?
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Gonadotropin
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What control the rate of cell metabolism?
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The thyroid gland
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What is an enlargement of the thyroid gland?
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Simple goiter
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What are the two hormones produced in the female ovaries?
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Estrogen and progesterone.
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What portion of the eye lies in the orbit?
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5/6
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The anterior cavit of the eye is filled with a watery fluid called___________.
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Aqueous humor.
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What helps maintain sufficient pressure in the eye to prevent it from collapsing?
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Vitreous humor.
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What is known as the white of the eye?
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The sclera
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What is the anteriorly outer part of the eye known as the "window of the eye?"
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The cornea
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What is the middle layer of the eye called?
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The choroid
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What is the inner layer of the eye?
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The retina
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What structure in the eye allows for vision in the dark?
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Rods
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What is known as the deflection or bending of light rays in the eye?
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Refraction
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What is known as the increasing or decreasing in the curvature of the lens to refract light rays into focus?
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Accomodation
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What are the 3 auditory ossicles?
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The malleus(hammer), the incus(anvil), and the stapes(stirrup)
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What is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?
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To transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid in the inner ear.
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What is responsible for equalizing internal and external pressure in the ear?
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The eustachian tube.
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What is the snail-shaped structure that houses the organ of Corti?
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The cochlea.
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What is responsible for maintaining the body's equilibrium?
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The 3 semicircular canals.
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Which enzyme acts to break down starches?
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Amylase
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Which enzyme acts to break down fats?
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Lipase
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What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
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The cardia, fundus, body, and pyloris.
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What is the serous membrane lining of the abdominal cavity?
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The Peritoneum.
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
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What is the path that urine travels?
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder
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What is the functional units of the kidneys?
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The nephrons
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What is micturition?
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Urination
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