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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell cycle |
Series of cell division in eukaryotic cell
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1.) the ___ of a cell is its life cycle 2.) cycle which a cell goes through to divide |
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Mitosis |
Process of sorting/distributing chromosomes to daughter cells and creating two nuclei |
1.) also known as the M phase 2.) has 4 dinstinct phases |
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Interphase |
Time between divisions, chromosomes aren't visible in nucleus, cell replications happens |
1.) cell spends most of its time in this phase 2.) "inter" as in intermissions |
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G1/G0 |
Prereplication, grows cells, RNA, proteins, & macromolecules, prepares for S or M phase or preform special cell functions. G0 is stopping point in G1, cell is adult and ready to preform task to sustain organism
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1.) Intial phase 2.) "G"1 g as in grow |
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S |
DNA of chromosome replicates identical set for daughter cell |
1.) "s" synthesizes new DNA for daughter cell 2.) semiconservative replication |
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G2 |
Prepares for mitosis by making RNA and protein
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1.) preparation 2.) before M phase |
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M |
Mitosis |
1.) "m" for mitosis 2.) last phase of cell cycle |
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Restriction point |
"Point of no return" once cell enters this stage it is committed to the cell cycle |
1.) restricted from returning 2.) appears in G1 |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of cell |
1.) happens after/during mitosis 2.) splitting into 2 |
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Daughter cell |
1 cell completes cycle, splits into 2 cells |
1.) cell splits into "daughter" of parent cell 2.) result of mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Nucleotide base pairing |
Pairing certain bases with its acceptable counterpart |
1.) pairs bases together 2.) ex: adenine and thymine |
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Hydrogen bond |
Bonds bases together |
1.) makes a bond 2.) the hydrogen bond between adenine and thymine |
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Antiparallel |
2 lines are parallel but run in opposite directions |
1.) similar to parallel, one differnece 1.) "anti" directions |
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DNA polymerase |
Enzyme that catalyzes new DNA strands |
1.) maker of new DNA 2.) very accurate |
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Semiconservative replication |
Replicating DNA strands |
1.) happens in S phase 2.) DNA polymerase is used |
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Histone |
Is a basic protein with strong positive charges |
1.) part of nucleosome |
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Chromosome |
Structure inside nucleus, contains DNA and proteins |
2.) has DNA |
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Chromatin |
DNA bounded to a nucleosome |
1.) forms chromosomes |
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Mutation |
Change in DNA sequence |
1.) ex: cancer 2.) can be silent, harmful, or beneficial |
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Mutagen |
Chemical/radiation that causes mutations |
1.) ex: ultraviolet radiation 2.) ex: gamma rays |
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Excision repair |
Process by which mutations are repaired |
1.) "repairs" mutations 2.) excises mutated gene |
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Leading strand/lagging strand |
Leading strand is strand where new strand is synthesized, lagging strand is the original that is not continuing to make a new strand |
1.) leading strand leads new DNA synthesis 2.) lagging strands stay original |
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Sister chromatids |
2 copies of chromosome |
1.) sisters as in more than one |
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Centromere |
Protein at center of chromosome |
1.) "centr" sounds like center 2.) part of a chromosome |
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Aneuploid |
Daughter cell with abnormal amount of chromosomes
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1.) defect 2.) misshapen cell |
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Prophase |
1st step of mitosis, mitotic spindles form, nuclear membrane breaks down |
1.) part of mitosis 2.) 1st step of mitosis |
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Metaphase |
2nd step of mitosis, chromosomes pulled into a ring between 2 poles |
1.) part of mitosis 2.) "meta" middle |
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Anaphase |
3rd step, sister chromatids separate & go to the poles |
1.) mitosis 2.) a in anaphase a in apart |
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Telophase |
4th & last step, chromosomes expand, nuclear envelope re-forms, cell divides into two |
1.) part of mitosis 2.) end of mitosis |
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Centrioles |
Organelles that assist in mitosis |
1.) made of microtubules 2.) only in animal cells |
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(Mitotic) spindles (fibers) |
Mircotubules around the nucleus |
1.) appears in mitosis 2.) connects to sister chromatids |
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Spindle poles |
Protein at the end of a centriole anchors microtubules |
1.) connects to spindle fibers |
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Kinetochore |
Protein complex inside a centromere |
1.) "kine" kinetic |
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Cyclins |
Proteins that regulate progression throughout the cell cycle |
1.) cyclins looks like cycle 2.) helps the cell "cycle" through the phases |
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Kinases |
Enzymes that bind to cyclins |
2.) necessary for cyclins to preform |
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Cell-cycle arrest |
When proteins are checking the cell cycle of mistakes/defects |
1.) halts the cell cycle to check 2.) "arrests" the cell cycle |
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Cancer |
Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction |
1.) tumor 2.) ex: lung cancer |
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Checkpoints |
Places in cell cycle to check for any mishaps/defects |
1.) like a security checkpoint 2.) "checks" for "points" in the phases for defects |