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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transgenis organisms
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organisms that contain genes from another organism (move from one species to another)
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DNA fingerprinting
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calculates the number of repeats between genes (specific to each person) to determine if two samples of DNA is from the same or diffrent people
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scientific name
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binomial nomenclature is the method of naming organisms so that they can be discussed world wide
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binomial nomenclature
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a 2 part name system that organizes and categorizes all living things
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binomial nomenclature (parts)
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Felis domesticus (italicized)
Felis - genus Domesticus - species |
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taxonomy
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the science of categorizing, grouping, and naming living things
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Linneus developed ...
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the system of binomial nomenclature
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Redi
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proved no spontaneous generation
meat in jars covered with gauze don't get flys |
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Pasteur
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final proof that theres no spontaneous generation
curved neck flask |
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Chordate characteristics
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hollow dorsal nerve chord
notochord pharyugeal slits |
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Vertebrate Characteristics
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solid dorsal nerve chord
backbone gills or lungs |
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3 groups of fish
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jawless- angatha
cartilegenous- chodrichthyes bony - osteirchtheyes |
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internal fish parts
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closed cirrculatory system, singal loop circulation, swim bladder...
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external fish parts
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dorsal, posterior dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral, pelvic fins
lateral line |
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Characteristics of Amphibians
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aquatic larae, terrestrial adults, moist skin, many glands, no scales and no claws double loop circulatory system
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internal amphibian parts
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3 chamber heart, reproductive system, cloaca
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external amphibian parts
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bulgingg eyes, no sound recievers, pourus skin, no claws
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repoductive strategies of fish
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oviparous
ovoviparous viviparous |
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oviparous
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egg and sperm unite externally
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ovoviparous
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internal fertilization but babies develop in a yolk sac
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viviparous
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internal fertalization and a live birth
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4 orders of reptiles
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snakes and lizards, crocidiles, turtles, and tuataras (the dinosaur group)
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reptile characteristics
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vertebre, lungs, scaley skin, and a special type of egg
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types of bird feathers
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contour feathers, down feathers, and powder feathers
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contour feathers
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long and stiff flight feathers that cover a birds body
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down feathers
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short, soft, and fluffy feathers that insulate a bird and cover their young
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powder feathers
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these release a fine white powder that repels water for birds that dwell near water
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digestive system of birds
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includes a crop and gizzard
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crop
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part of the birds digestive system that stores food (usually for her young)
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gizzard
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specilized muscular part of a birds stomach that crushes food
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transition organism
(reptile to bird) |
archaepteryx
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resting potential
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negative inside positive outside
polarized, maintained until stimulated |
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action potential
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positive inside negative outside
depolarized changes to repolarized when finished |
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cerebrum
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2 hemispheres, voulentary, convolutions (creases)
learning and judgement center |
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cerebrum (layers)
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cortex- gray outer
medulla-white inner |
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brainstem
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connects brain and spinal chord
coordinates information medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
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thalamus
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passes info to the cerebrum
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hypothalamus
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controls hunger and thirst, fatigue, anger and temp.
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medulla oblongata
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part of brainstem
controls breathing, heart rate and swelling |
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pons
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the bridge between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
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midbrain
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monitors hearing and vision
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nervous system divions
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CentralNS + PeriferalNS
Motor + Sensory somatic + autonomic parasympathetic +sympathetic |
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CNS
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nerves in the brain and spinal chord
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PNS
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nerves going to and coming from the brain and spinal column
divided into motor and sensory neurons |
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sensory neurons
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includes the receptors and the neurons
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motor neurons
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includes the CNS and to the effectors
divided into somatic and autonomic |
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somatic nervous system
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includes all neurons that vouletarily react to reflexes
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autonomic nervous system
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includes all invoulentary reflexes
divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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saclera
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the white part made of tough connective tissue
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cornea
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clear covering over sclera
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aqueous humor
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the clear fluid between the cornea and sclera
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choroid
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contains the iris and pupil
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lense
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the lens just behind the pupil
refracts in coming light |
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vitreous humor
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jello like substance that fills the eyeball chamber
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retena
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in the back of the eye made of a sheet of cells called photoreceptors
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photoreceptors
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neouron receptors in the eye
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auditory canal
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tunnel covered with wax
collects sound vibrations |
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tympanum
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ear drum
membrane that vibrates due to sound energy |
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malleus
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hammer
a bone in the ear |
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incus
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anvil
a bone in the ear |
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strapes
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stirrup
a bone in the ear |
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oval window
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cartiledge in an O shape that the vibrations pass through
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cochlea
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a snail shaped
fluid filled and lined with tiny hairs vibrations ripple, touching the hair cells |
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types of joints
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immovable - skull
slightly movable - spine freely movable - most joints |
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types of freely movable joints
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ball-and-socket, hinge joint, piviot joint, saddle joint, gliding joint, ellipsoid
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ligaments verse tendons
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l- connect bones together
t- connect bones to muscles |
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periosteum
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tough membrane that blood vessels pass through
outside of the bone |
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compact bone
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dense bone
contains Haversain canals |
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Haversain canals
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carry blood and nutrients through the bone
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Spongy bone
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pourous bone
structuring material |
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osteoytes
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small cites embedded in the spongy bone that deposit/absorb calcium salts
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bone marrow
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a cavity inside the bone where soft tissue produces red and white blood cells, nerve cells, and fat cells
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types of muscle tissue
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skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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skeletal muscle
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attached to bones
voulentary movement - straited many nuclei |
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cardiac muscle
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in the heart, invoulentary, straited, one nuclei
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smooth muscle
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internal organs, invoulelntary, not straited, one nuclei
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contraction of muscle
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the muscle is stimulated to contract -> cross-bridges move pulling filaments past each other -> actin releases -> cross bridge attaches @ another spot and repeats
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epidermis vs. dermis
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e- rapid division, keratin (hair), keratinocytes, melanin(pigment),melaninocytes
d - under, blood, nerves, glands, smooth muscle, sense organs |
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mouth
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pre digestive system
teeth cheeks toung saliva -> chewing |
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Parts of the GI track
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mouth pharaynx esophagus stomach smal then large intestine
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pharynx
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the opening at the mouths rear that food and air pass through
the epiglottis sorts particles |
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esophagus
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connects mouth and stomach
walls are rings of muscles |
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stomach
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churns food into CHYME (a pasty mix)
exits through the PYLORIC VALVE |
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small intestine
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breaks down farther with the help of enzymes and nutrients are absorbed
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large intestine
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removes water and absorbs vitamins
feces held back by the anal sphincter |
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pancreatic fluid
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flows from the pancreas to the sm. intestine
contains Na bicarbonate |
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pepsin
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a digestive enzyme secreted by the 3rd set of stomach glands
works with hydrochloric acid |
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Small intestine enzymes
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maltase
lactase sucrase |
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Parts of the Resperatory System
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nose and naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
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Nose and naval catvity
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filters
warms mosturizes |
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Pharynx
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passage of both food and air
epiglodis covers the opposite opening |
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the respitory system is under the control of what part of the nervous system
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the sensory nervous system
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how does the nervous system monitor the respitory system?
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can't detect O2... the opposite is CO2...immediatly changes to H2CO3... unstable-> H+ and CO3-...increase in H+ increases the acidity...monitors the acidity
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Inhilation
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diaphragm starts up...contracts (moves down)...air fills the lungs ...volume increases...pressure decreases...gas exchange
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exhilation
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diaphragum relaxes...voulume down...pressure increases...gas leave the lungs
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Thoratic Cavity
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the lung cavity that grows and shrinks
seperated by diaphragum from the abdominal cavity |
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Gas Exchange
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O2 and CO2 move to areas of lower concentration
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Macromolecules of Phospholipids
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coat the inside of the aveolus and make diffusion easier
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hemoglobin
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a protien in red blood cells that attracts O2
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what part of the nervous system controls the heart
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the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic - can bring it up (parasympathetic lowers it to normal) |
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traveling through the circulatory system
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upper/lower vena cava, ??, right atrium, tricuspid vaulve, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, (lungs), pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid vaulve, left ventricle, ??, aorta
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contraction of the heart
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pumps from the RA to the RV... through the pulmonarys it gets O2 and returns to the LA pumped to the LV... out via aorta
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Operaton of nephron
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the main filtering unit of kidneys
inside of the Renal Cortex 2 process occur inside: filtration and reabsorbtion |
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Types of circulation
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pulmonary (<3 to lungs to <3)
systemic (includes the coronary, hepatic portal, renal circulation) |
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Seminiferous Tubules
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where meiosis occurs in males (sperms are made)
starts @ puberty |
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epididymis
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sperm travel after the seminiferous tubules
where sperm mature |
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vas deferans
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wher mature sperm go after epididymis
seman is mixed here seman stored until aroused |
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androgens
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main male hormone
causes the development of the reproductive system hormone in a embryo |
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone in males and females
produced at puberty by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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LH
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lutenizing hormone
produced at puberty by the pituitary gland in males and females |
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ovaries
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main female organ
where ova begin to mature after puberty |
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follicles
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immature (they mature here) ova travel through monthly
When they break open they enter the filopean tubes |
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filopean tubes
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mature ova travel through (for days) enter the uterus
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down syndrome
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extra copy of chromosone 21
nondisjunction disorder mental retardation |
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hemophilia
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a defective recessive allele causes a malfunction in the gene that codes for an imortant blood clotting protien
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GERM MUTATION
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a mutation in the gametes that can be inheritated
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sickle cell amnemia
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mutation of hemoglobin
misshaped red blood cells causes cells to get stuck... dameges the tissue HsHs affected HsHa carrier |
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sex-influenced
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the description of a gene that is caused by a gene whose expression differs in a man and woman
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A Sturterant
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gene mapping - 1% = 1 map unit
crossing over - farther means more frequent |
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point mutation
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the smallest gene mutation
1 nucleotide affected directly |
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blood types
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A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+
O- donor AB+ acceptor RH+ is an antigen in red blood cells |
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incomplete dominance
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cross between RR and rr where the result is a mixture
like PINK |
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codominance
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a condition where both are expresses and active
FBFW black and white speckled feathers |
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somatic mutation
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mutations that affect other cells of the nervous system
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linkage groups
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packages of genes always iherited together
usually all on 1 chromosone |
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linked genes
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genes that don't go through independant assortment
inherited together |
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chromosomal mutations
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changes in the chromosone structure
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation |
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turner's syndrome
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females only ... missing X...
45X sterile and retarted |
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Klinefelter's Syndrome
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males only... aand extra X...47XXY
sterile and retarted |
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Stevens
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discovers sex linked chromosones
1900s used worms sex chromosone pairs (they are not matching in men) |
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T. Morgan
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fruit flys
proved linked genes Theory of Linked Genes helped w/ crossing over + discovered sex linked |
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W. Sutton
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developed the Chromosone Theory of Heredity
1 genes on chromosones in nucleus 2 genes occupy an area 3 genes exist in alleles |
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what two locations monitor 02
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crotid and aorta
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