Hula's Pre-Ap Biology Ch. 10 Vocab

opposite

a box

out, outside, without

origin, birth

a spiral

within

bound or tied

loosen

loosen

change

to eat

many

backward

half

across

poisonous

a double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

the late stages of HIV infection, characterized by a reduced number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic opportunistic infections

on a tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA

one of two of a ribosome's binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds tRNA that carries the next amino acid in the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA)

a virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage

the protein shell that encloses a viral genome

a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of genetic code

the union (mating) of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells.

a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

a double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. capable of replicating, it is an organism's genetic material.

an enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA polynucleotide strands. it is used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.

a large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwound into a spiral shape

a virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists

the part of a gene that becomes part of the final messenger RNA and is therefore expressed

a piece of DNA that can exist as a bacterial plasmid. it carries genes for making sex pili and other structures needed for conjugation, as well as a site where DNA replication can start. F stands for fertility

a change in genetic material that involves the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene, resulting in a change in the triplet grouping of nucleotides

the set of rules that dictates the amino acid translations of each mRNA nucleotide triplet

a double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

the retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and causes AIDS

an internal, noncoding region of a gene that does not become part of the final messenger RNA molecule and is therefore not expressed

a type of bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage. new phages are not produced, and the host cell is not killed or lysed unless the viral genome lease the host chromosome

a type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis (breaking open) of the host cell

the type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it into ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that alters the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide. in this, a codon is changed from encoding one amino acid to encoding another.

the study of biological structures, functions, and heredity at a molecular level

the creation of a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA

a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

a change in the genetic information of a cell; the ultimate source of genetic diversity. it can also occur in the DNA or RNA of a virus

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that converts an amino-acid-encoding codon to stop a codon. this results in a shortened polypeptide

a building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

one of two of a ribosome's binding sites for tRNA during translation. it holds the tRNA carrying to growing polypeptide chain (P stands for peptidyl tRNA)

a virus that infects bacteria

a small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosome(s). they are found in prokaryotes and yeasts

a polymer made up of many nucleotide monomers covalently bonded together

an infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more of these. they case several related diseases in different animals, including scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease

a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins

phage DNA that has inserted by genetic recombination into the DNA of a bacterial chromosome

an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. it reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA. HIV and a number of cancer-causing viruses are these.

an enzyme encoded and used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template

the type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells

a cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. in eukaryotic cells, the subunits are constructed in the nucleolus

a large molecular complex that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template

the removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus

a bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics

type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand

a mutation in a gene that changes a codon to one that codes for the same amino acid as the original codon. the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide is thus unchanged

on mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information

in mRNA on of the three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop

in a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA strand), the alternating strand of sugar and phosphate to which nitrogenous bases are attached

a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and then to depart from the gene

a single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA

the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

the transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage

a type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. each on has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA

the incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cells takes up from the surrounding environment.

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids

a set of three-nucleotide-long "words" that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.

a single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA

a plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked, circular RNA several hundred nucleotides long

a microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material. they are generally not considered alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life