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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gastrointestinal Tract (alimentary canal)
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hollow tube that runs from the oral cavity through the ventral body cavities, to the anal orifice
lined by epithelial tissue |
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Mucosa (of GI tract)
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lining of the lumen
composed of 3 layers- epithelial cells, areolar connective tissue, and smooth muscle contains lymphatic tissue |
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Submucosa
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high vascular
connective tissue contains submucosal enteric neural plexus---> controls GI secretions and localized blood flow has glands which open into the lumean via ducts contains lymphatic tissue |
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Muscularis externa
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1. skeletal muscle tissue
VOLUNTARY motor control found in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus and lower portion of the anal canal 2. Smooth muscle found in remainder of GI Tract two layers: circular and longitudinal contains the portion of the enteric neural plexus that is responsible for mobility of GI tract |
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Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
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superficial layer of the viscera organs located in the adominopelvic cavity
2 layers: connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium scretes serous peritoneal fluid (reduces friction) |
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Functions of the Oral Cavity (Mouth)
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mastication
chemical digestion of starch--> amylase sensations-- taste, texture, temp lubrication--> formation of bolus |
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Anterior boundary (oral cavity)
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inner surface of lips
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Lateral boundary (oral cavity)
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cheeks
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superior boundary (oral cavity)
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hard palate and soft (muscular) palate
separates oral cavity from nasal cavity |
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inferior boundary (oral cavity)
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floor of mouth
very muscular |
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posterior boundary (oral cavity)
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opens to oropharynx
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Teeth
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more mineralized than bone = harder
enamel (white) covers dentin (yellow) held within the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible--> joint = gomphosis peridontal ligament FUNCTION AS ORGANS OF MASTICATION, AND PROVIDE THE INITIAL STAGE OF MECHANICAL DIGESTION |
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root
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extension of dentin into alveolus
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crown
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enamel part of tooth
washed by saliva |
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Deciduous dentition
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20 teeth (baby teeth)
5 teeth per quadrant= 1 central incisor, 1 lateral incisor, 1 canine, 2 molars begin to erupt by 6 months |
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Permanent dentition
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begin to erupt at 6 years
replace deciduous teeth until 12-13 when the 2nd permanent molars come in full 32 permanent teeth usually by age 18-21 when 3rd molars erupt (wisdom teeth) |
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Sensory Innervation of Teeth
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maxillary and mandibular divisions of the Trigeminal nerve (CNV)
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Tongue
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taste and speech
chewing and swallowing solid mass of SKELETAL MUSCLE covered by mucous membrane and taste sensors highly mobile |
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INTRINSIC muscles of Tongue
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alter the shape and size
responsible for precise movements during speech assists with chewing-> places food between teeth |
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EXTRINSIC muscles of Tongue
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protrude
retract depress elevate responsible for larger, gross movements of tongue contractions assists in swallowing |
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Anatomy of Tongue
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triangular shape
base (attached portion), body, and tip |
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Sulcus terminalis (tongue)
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divides the tongue into an ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR portion
oral= anterior 2/3 pharyngeal= posterior 1/3 |
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Papillae (tongue)
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raised bumps (most contain taste buds)
taste buds- sensory info. carried by: anterior 2/3= facial nerve (CNVII) posterior 1/3= glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) |
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Lingual Frenulum (tongue)
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folds of mucous membrane
anchors body of tongue to floor of mouth ducts of submandibular and sublingual glands open alongside |
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sublingual venous plexus
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useful for body temp measurement and drug delivery
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Somatic Motor Innervation of Tongue
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carried by SENs
hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) |
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Sensory Innervation of Tongue
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carried by SANs
pain, touch, and temp: ant. 2/3= trigeminal nerve (CNV) pos. 1/3= glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) taste: ant. 2/3= facial nerve (CN VII) pos. 1/3= glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
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Salivary Glands
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secrete saliva to moisten oral cavity, lubricate food, and being digestion of starch
parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands |
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Parotid Glands
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largest of salivary glands
anterior and inferior to ears parotid duct: anteriorly across the masseter, facial nerve passes through the parotid tissue but does NOT innervate it |
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Submandibular Glands
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inferomedial surface of the mandible
70% of daily saliva ducts ipen lateral to the lingual frenulum (in floor of mouth) |
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Sublingual Gland
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floor of the mouth, superior to submandibular glands, below the tongue
5% of daily saliva ducts open alongside lingual frenulum |
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Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands
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SYMpathetic stimulation: thicker saliva, sensation of dry mouth (usually when you are nervous)
PARAsympathetic stimulation: watery saliva, when you think about food or are about to eat, etc. |
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Parasympathetic innervation of SUBMANDIBULAR and SUBLINGUAL glands
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Facial nerve (CN VII)
VENs |
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Parasympathetic innervation of PAROTID gland
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glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
VENs |
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Masseter
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attachment: zygomatic arch and mandibular ramus
action: elevates and protrudes jaw comments: rectangular muscle that can be palpated at angle of jaw when teeth are clenched |
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Temporalis
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attachments: temporal lines of skull and coronoid process of mandible
action: elevates and retracts jaw comments: fan-shaped muscle that can be palpated on the sides of the head when teeth are clenched |
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Medial Pterygoid
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attachments: lateral pterygoid plate and mandibular ramus
action: elevate and protrude jaw, side to side movements (grinding) comments: located deep to the ramus of the mandible |
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Lateral Pterygoid
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attachments: lateral pterygoid plate and TMJ capsule and neck of mandible
action: protrude jaw, depress chin, side to side movements comments: located deep to the ramus of the mandible |
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Opening of the Mouth
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suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
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Innervation of the muscles of mastication
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Somatic motor (SENs) from trigeminal nerve, mandibular division (CN V3)
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Buccinator
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muscle of facial expression
compresses cheeks to keep food in mouth while chewing innervated by facial nerve |
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Orbicularis Oris
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muscle of facial expression
sphincter of the mouth compresses and purses the lips innervated by facial nerve |
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Pharynx (Functions)
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respiratory- conducts air to and from trachea
disgestive- deglutition (swallowing) and transports a bolus of food from the oral cavity to the esophagus |
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Nasopharynx
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communicates with nasal cavity
soft palate separates it from oral cavity opening of eustachian tube |
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Oropharynx
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posterior continuum of oral cavity, bounded inferiorly by epiglottis.
contains the uvula, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils |
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Laryngopharynx
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inferior continuation of oropharynx
communicates with the larynx or esophagus |
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Muscles of the Pharynx
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skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
pharyngeal constrictors-circular muscle layer |
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Muscles of the Pharynx (swallowing)
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tongue, supra-and infrahyoid muscles, and muscles of the solf palate
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Motor Innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
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Vagus Nerve (CN X)
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Sensory Innervation to the Pharynx
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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Esophagus
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continuous with laryngopharynx
transports substances to stomach by peristalsis lies posterior to the trachea and upper thorax, and posterior to the heart in the mediastinal cavity anterior to the vertebral column pierces diaphragm (T10) to enter ab. cavity |
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Musculature of Espohagus
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skeletal muscle layers (upper esophagus)
smooth muscle (middle and lower portions of esophagus) |
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Upper espohageal sphincter
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opens reflexively during swallowing
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
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Physiologic sphincter- only opens if food passes through it
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Innervation of esophagus
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PARAsympathetic fibers of the Vagus Nerve (CNX)
smooth= para VENS skeletal= SENs |
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Stomach
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mechanical digestion
temporary bulk storage of ingested food secretes gastric juices |
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Gastric Juice
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Mucous- protects the stomach lining
enzymes- initiate protein digestion HCl- neutralizes biological contaminants (bacteria, fungus, mold) Intrinsic factor- binds to B12, protects molecule from digestive juices |
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Distention of mechanoreceptors
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Triggers formation and secretion of bile and pancreatic juice
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Rugae
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internal anatomy of stomach
gastric mucosal folds on luminal surface flatten to accommodate food |
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Anatomy of Stomach
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J-shaped
LUQ immediately inferior to diaphragm Gastroesophageal junction at T11 Pyloric region at L1 |
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Cardia (stomach region)
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esophagus opens to stomach
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Fundus (stomach region)
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superior to cardia- touches diaphragm
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Body (stomach region)
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main portion
inferior to fundus |
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Pyloric region
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pyloric antrum + pyloric canal
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Pyloric Sphincter
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connects stomach to duodenum, controls the flow of chyme to duodenum
controlled by ANS, enteric NS, and gastric hormones |
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Lesser Curvature
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along superomedial surface
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Greater Curvature
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along inferolateral surface
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Stomach relationship to abdominal viscera
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most of stomach = LUQ
anterior to pancreas and L. Kidney anterior-medial to spleen |
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Small Intestines
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primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, and water absorption
continuous tube extending from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocal junction fills most of abdominal cavity microvilli peristalsis- propels chyme segmentation- mixes chyme with digestive enzymes |
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Duodenum
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shortest segment of S.I.
shaped like a C extends from the pylorus to the duodenojejunal flexure "anatomic romance" with pancreas receives chyme from stomach, which is mized with bile from gallbladder/liver and pancreatic juice |
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Jejunum
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begins at the duodenojejunal flexure
40% of overall length of S.I LUQ and umbilical region |
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Ileum
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distal 60% of S.I.
RLQ and in pelvis terminates at the ileocecal valve |
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Large Intestines
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begins at ileocecal junction and ends at anus
larger diameter than S.I. final absorption of water and electrolytes formation and temporary storage of feces manufacture of vitamins through bacterial action final digestion of carb by bacterial fermentation--> GAS |
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Cecum
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initial part of L.I
RLQ in R iliac fossa |
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Vermiform Appendix
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lymphoid organ
vital in fetal development, immune defense system McBurney's Point- point of attach. to the cecum |
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Ascending Colon
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ascends on the right side of the abdomen--> right colic (hepatic) flexure
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Transverse Colon
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crosses the abdomen transversely from the right colic (hepatic) flexure --> left colic (splenic) flexure
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Descending Colon
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Descends along the left side of the abdomen from the left colic flexure --> level of the iliac crest
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Sigmoid Colon
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forms an S-shaped curve as it descends from the iliac crest to the 3rd sacral vertebrae
attached to the body wall by sigmoid mesocolon |
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Rectum
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terminal segment of GI tract
anterior to sacrum and coccyx ampulla of the rectum- distends= need to go to bathroom temporary storage of feces |
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Anal Canal
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anus
rectum pelvic diaphragm |
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Anal Orifice (anus)
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internal and external anal sphincters
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Internal Anal Sphincter
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smooth muscle- VENs
autonomic, involuntary control |
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External Anal Sphincter
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skeletal muscle- striated, SENs
voluntary control |
