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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Layers of skin
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Epidermis - superficial layer of cells + deeper, germinal layer
Dermis - layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. |
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Where is skin fixed?
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Soles of feet, palms of hands and several key areas of face.
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Control of Skeletal muscles
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May be voluntary or reflexive.
Controlled by somatic nervous system. |
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How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?
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Tendons, deep fascia or intermuscular septa. Most muscles are attached to bones at their ends. One end is called origin, the other insertion. Insertion points are distal or origin points.
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Control of involuntary smooth muscles
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Usually by autonomic nervous system or the endocrine system.
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Myocardium
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Cardiac striated muscles
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Control of cardiac muscles
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Pacemaker cells; can be modified by the autonomic nervous system.
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Pennate skeletal muscles
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Characterized by fibers that run obliquely
Unipennate - run from origin to only one side of the tendon of insertion. Bipennate - fibers attach to both side of tendon of insertion. Multipennate - fibers passing obliquely between several tendons of origin and insertion. |
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Strap muscles
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Have long fibers
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Appendicular skeleton
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Comprised of upper and lower extremities including the shoulder and pelvic girdle.
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Axial Skeleton
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Skull, vertebral column, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum.
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Two components of skeletal system
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Appendicular and Axial
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Layers of bones
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Compact bone - outer, cortical layer
Spongy bone - inner medullary layer |
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Types of bones
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Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatized (air filled)
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Long bone development
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Diaphysis ossified before epiphysis. Growth plates separate diaphysis from epiphysis. Growth plates disappear upon full maturity and epiphysis fuses with diaphysis.
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What joins muscles to periosteal layers of bone?
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Tendons
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Where do periosteal vessels and nutrient arteries enter the bone?
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nutrient foramina
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Aponeuroses
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Broad tendon sheets providing broad insertion of muscles e.g. top of the head
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Retinaculum
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Broad band of connective tissue holding down tendons that cross joint e.g. in the wrist (flexor retinaculum)
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Types of Joints
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Fibrous - joined by fibrous tissue and relatively immobile e.g sutures of skull
Catilagenous - primary cartilagenous have hyaline cartilage e.g. between ribs and sternum; secondary carilagenous has fibrous cartilage e.g. between intervertebral discs. Synovial - most common type; highly mobile; covered by hyaline cartilage and bones joined by fibrous capsule; lined by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. |
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Olecranon bursa
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Bursa are fluid filled sacs found in joints. Olecranon bursa in the elbow that does not communicate with the joint cavity of the elbow
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Blood supply to joints
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Blood vessels (collaterals) form extensive anastomoses to ensure adequate blood supply to joints. Joints are also richly innervated
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Shwann cells
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Neuroglial cells that produce myelin sheath surrounding most axons; when myelin is compromised, nerve conduction is compromised.
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Two divisions of nervous system
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Central - brain + spinal cord
Peripheral - spinal, cranial, autonomic nerves and their associated ganglia |
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How many spinal nerves in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves
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Eight cervical (C1-C8)
Twelve Thoracic (T1-T12) Five lumbar (L1 - L5) Five Sacral (S1 - S5) One or two Coccygeal (Co) |
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How many cranial nerves and general location?
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12 pairs; mostly in head and neck but vagus nerve innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera.
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Spinal nerves
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Arise from specific segments of the spinal cord via ventral and dorsal roots; are paired.
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Dermatome
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specific area of the skin supplied by a particular nerve
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Autonomic nervous system innervated what parts?
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Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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Two divisions of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |