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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electron clouds form shells called ____________ around the nucleus of an atom.
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orbitals
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Bonds are formed between atoms using the electrons in the outermost orbital. This orbital is referred to as the _____________.
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valence shell
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What is the Octet Rule?
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Except for the first orbital which is full with two electrons, atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valence shell.
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Positively charged ions are called _______.
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cations
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Negatively charged ions are called _______.
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anions
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The charge on an ion is called its ___________.
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valence
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Give two terms for the H⁺ ion.
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hydrogen ion
proton |
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Na⁺ = ?
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sodium cation
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K⁺ = ?
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potassium cation
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OH⁻ = ?
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hydroxide anion
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Cl⁻ = ?
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chloride anion
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HCO₃⁻ = ?
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bicarbonate anion
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What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms?
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covalent bond
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What is electronegativity?
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a measure of the tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.
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If two bonded atoms have similar electronegativities, the bond will be ________.
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nonpolar
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Covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen are....
polar or nonpolar? |
nonpolar
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What type of bond occurs when electrons are shared equally between covalently bonded atoms?
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nonpolar covalent bond
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What type of bond occurs when electrons are not shared equally between covalently bonded atoms?
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polar covalent bond
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What type of compound breaks into ions (other than H⁺ or OH⁻) in solution?
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electrolytes (or salts)
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______________ substances dissolve readily in water.
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hydrophilic
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Polar molecules and charged molecules are...
hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
hydrophilic
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_____________ substances do not readily dissolve in water.
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hydrophobic
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Uncharged, nonpolar molecules are ...
hydrophilic or hydrophobic? |
hydrophobic
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lipophilic = ?
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hydrophobic
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lipophobic = ?
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hydrophilic
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Why is the sodium cation positive?
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It has lost an electron.
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Why is the chloride anion negative?
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It has gained an electron.
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What is an ion?
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an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons
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Ca²⁺ = ?
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calcium cation
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Mg²⁺ = ?
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magnesium cation
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HPO₄²⁻ = ?
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phosphate anion
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SO₄²⁻ = ?
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sulfate anion
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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a bond that forms between a hydrogen in a polar group and an oxygen or nitrogen in another polar group
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Covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are....
polar or nonpolar? |
polar
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Covalent bonds between oxygen and carbon are....
polar or nonpolar? |
polar
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Covalent bonds between nitrogen and hydrogen are....
polar or nonpolar? |
polar
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Covalent bonds between nitrogen and carbon are....
polar or nonpolar? |
polar
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