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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication
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the process by which individuals use symbols, signs and behaviors to exchange information
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Communication is used in relationship to:
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Express affiliation
Achieving goals Influencing others |
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Communication requires a shared code
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People construct messages (encode) and interpret messages (decode)
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Communication is linked to culture.
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Culture includes shared beliefs, practices, values, and language.
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Communication need not be intentional.
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Spontaneous, unintentional communication occurs through emotions or body movements.
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Communication occurs through various channels. What are the channels
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Channels include:
face-to-face, e-mail, text messages, books, and so on. |
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Communication is a transactional process
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-It requires two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles
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Press Oriented
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-Optimizes outcomes for both partners, with mutual satisfaction the goal
-Values ethical standards of right and wrong -What is said and how it is said is most important |
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the linear model
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Lacks the receiver’s active role in the message interpretation
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3 modeling of communication is...?
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Competent communication model
Linear Model Interaction model |
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perceptions
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- A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings
- Understanding the role that perception plays in the communication process is crucial to our success as communicators. |
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communication processing
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- Gathering, organizing, and evaluating the information we receive
- Also involves our basic senses, along with personal factors |
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interaction model
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exhibits communicated between sender and receiver that incorporates feedback
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feedback
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is a message from the receiver to the sender that illustrates responses that occur when two or more people communicate
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behavioral flexibility
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your ability to have a number of behaviors in different communication behaviors in different situations
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Perception process
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Selecting information
Organizing perceptions Interpreting perceptions Improving perceptions |
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schemas
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- In order to make sense of the input we receive we create mental structures that put together related bits of information
- Help us understand how things work and how they should proceed - Evolve and change over time |
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mindlessness
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Passive information
processing vs. mindfulness |
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perceptive perception
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Receiving only the information we want
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undue influence
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Giving another person power over our perceptions
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attributions
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personal characteristics used to explain others’ behaviors
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Fundamental attribution error
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overemphasizing internal, underestimating external causes of behaviors
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Self-serving bias
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attributing personal success to internal factors
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Interaction appearance theory
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helps explain how people change their attributions of someone, particularly their physical attractiveness the more they interact
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How to improve your perception?
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- Verify your perceptions.
- Be thoughtful when seeking explanations. - Look beyond first impressions. |
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Cultural myopia
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believing one’s own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations
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stereotyping
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- Fitting others into an existing schema without adjusting the schema appropriately
- May be positive, negative, or neutral |
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prejudice
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- Deep-seated feelings of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups
- Usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups |
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self concept
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knowledge of the self
- Influenced by thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals - Influences how you communicate with others Reinforced by how others communicate with you based on: - Direct and indirect evidence - Social comparison theory |
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self-esteem
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feelings about the self
- A set of attitudes you hold about your own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills, behavior, and beliefs - Linked to self-concept: You must know yourself to have attitudes about your self. |
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self-efficacy
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prediction of success for the self
- Ability to predict actual success based on your self-concept and self-esteem - Affects your ability to interpret events and cope with failure and success - Inaccurate self-efficacy can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. |
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self-actualization
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- Feelings and thoughts resulting from negotiating a communication situation as well as you possibly could
- Can lead to satisfaction |
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self-adequacy
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- Assessing your communication competence as sufficient or acceptable
- Can lead to contentment or self-improvement |
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self-denigration
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- A negative assessment (self-criticism) about a communication experience.
- Often unwarranted and it occurs when communicators place undue importance on weaknesses |
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Self-presentation
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Intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes
- Occurs through various channels |
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self-monitoring
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your ability to watch your environment and others in it for cues as to how to present yourself in a particular situation
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self-disclosure
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- Revealing yourself to others by sharing personal information
- Must not be information easily known to others - Sharing must be voluntary - Dependent on sensitivity level |
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culture
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- A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people
- The combination of their shared beliefs, values, and practices |
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high context-culture
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use contextual cues to both interpret meaning and send subtle messages
Cues: time, place, relationship, situation |
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Low-context cultures
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use direct language and rely less on situational factors
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Collectivistic cultures
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perceive selves primarily as members of a group; use hyperbole.
Examples: Arab and Latin American cultures, China, Japan |
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Individualistic cultures
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value individuality, communicate autonomy and privacy, and downplay emotions.
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Low uncertainty avoidance cultures
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have a higher tolerance for risk and ambiguity and use fewer formal rules to communicate.
Examples: Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, U.S |
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power distance
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is the way in which power and status is divided among individuals
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high power distance culture
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have a strong hierarchy based on class, birth order, job title and so on
Leads to anxiety when lower classes communicate with higher classes |
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low power distance culture
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have little to no hierarchy among groups and do not have a high level of anxiety in communicating with higher status groups
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masculine culture
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place value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness. (achievement)
Examples: Mexico, Japan, Italy |
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feminine cultures
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value nurturance, relationships, and quality of life.(nurturing)
Examples: Sweden, Norway |
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time orientation
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the way that cultures communicate about and with time
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monochronistics culture
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are time-conscious; treat time as a limited resource
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Polychronistic cultures
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have a more fluid approach to time; no adherence to schedules. Deal with multiple people and tasks at the same
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social identity theory
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argues that people have a personal identity and a social identity
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inter group contact theory
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interaction between members of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitude
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convergence
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involves shifting language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other’s way of communicating.
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accommodation
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is when you adjust your verbal and nonverbal language and behaviors to another
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over accommodation
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going too far in making changes based on stereotypes
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denotative
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accepted definition (dictionary)
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connotative
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emotional or attitudinal response people have to a word
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evasion
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avoiding giving details
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equivocation
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using unclear words
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euphemism
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using inoffensive words
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slang
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using informal, nonstandard words
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jargon
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using technical language
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semantics
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the study of meaning in language
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pragmatics
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ability to use cultural symbol systems appropriately
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biased language
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openly excludes or implies something negative about certain groups.
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politically correct language
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uses neutral terms in place of biased language.
- May avoid real issues in favor of politeness - Allows people to be both sensitive and accurate when choosing words |
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relational context
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Using language and levels of abstraction to create / reflect a relationship
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high language
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formal, polite, or “mainstream” language
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low language
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informal, casual language for more comfortable environments
-include slang + Code switching |
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culture context
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-Gender and language affect communication.
- Males: more prone to use interruptions although depends on situation - Females: use intensifiers, qualifiers, hedges, disclaimers, tag questions - Both use resistance messages differently. |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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The words a culture uses or does not use influence thinking
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Linguistic determinism
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Language influences how we see the world.
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Linguistic relativity
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Speakers of different languages have different views of the world.
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channel discrepancy
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one set of behaviors say one thing and another set say something different
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reinforcing verbal messages
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Repeating or mirroring verbal messages
- hold up three fingers when saying three Complementing verbal behavior by matching it pat friend on back when saying good job Accenting, clarifying, emphasizing specific information in a verbal message |
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substituting verbal messages
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Occurs in situations where words are unavailable, inappropriate, or unintelligible
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immediacy
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creating closeness, warmth, involvement between people using nonverbal behavior
- eye contact, standing closely, leaning toward a person, smiling |
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mimicry
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synchronized and unusually unconscious pattern of imitating, matching gestures, body positions, tone and facial expressions
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kinesics
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Gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages
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emblems
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have direct verbal translations within a group or culture.
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illustrators
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help visually explain what is being said.
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regulators
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help manage our interactions.
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adaptors
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satisfy a physical or psychological need
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affect display
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convey feelings, moods or actions
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para languages
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vocalized sounds that accompany words; includes
pitch (variations), tone (modulations), volume (loudness), pauses, vocal quality, rhythm, rate |
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vocalization
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cues about emotional or physical state (laughing, crying, sighing)
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back channel cues
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include “ah, um, uh”- signal when we want to talk or not talk
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proxemics
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the study of the
way we use and communicate with: space Intimate Personal Social Public |
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territoriality
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the claiming of an area through occupation
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environment
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arranging our surroundings to encourage or discourage interactions
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functional
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professional touch
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social
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polite touch
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friendship
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warmth touch
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love
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intimacy touch
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public private dimension
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physical space affecting nonverbal communication
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informal formal dimension
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perceptions about the situation. Similar to high and low language.
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hearing
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Physiological, involuntary
process of perceiving sound |
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listening
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The process of recognizing, understanding, and accurately interpreting and responding effectively to the messages you hear
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selecting
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choosing sounds over each other
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attending
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focus attention on what you choose
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understanding
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interpreting and making sense
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remembering
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recalling information
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responding
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generating feedback
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listening fidelity
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How well the listener’s thoughts match those of the message producer
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people-orientated listeners
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Listen with relationships in mind- tend to be concerned with others feelings. Assess others moods. Nonjudgmental
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action-orientated listeners
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Focus on tasks, organize information into themes. Keep conversation on track.
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content-orientated listeners
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Carefully, critically evaluate what they hear, effective listeners when information is difficult
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time orientated listeners
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Consider efficiency most of all. Have little patience for speakers who wander too far off topic or talk too much
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informational listening
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understand a message
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critical listening
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evaluate and analyze the information
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empathic listening
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attempting to know how another feels. Listening to provide comfort
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appreciative listening
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take pleasure in the sounds we hear
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selfish listening
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means hearing only what will help listeners meet their own goals.
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defensive listening
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involves responding with aggression without fully listening.
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selective listening
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zeros in on bits of interesting information.
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monopolistic listening
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listening to control the interaction
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hurtful listening
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may include attacking or ambushing.
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insensitive listening
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means missing the emotional content of a message.
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Pseudolistening
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means pretending to listen by nodding or saying “uh-huh.”
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a prediction that causes an individual to alter his or her behavior in a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur
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