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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dyadic Communication
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Interpersonal Communication
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Dyadic Communication (Traits)
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1. Directness
2. Quality of Feedback is High 3. Most Spontaneous |
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Developmental Approach To Interpersonal Communication
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For Dyadic Communication to become interpersonal the rules governing the relationship, the amount of data communicators have about one another, and the communicators level of knowledge change.
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Cultural-Level Rules
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Communication Rules that apply to all members of a particular culture
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Sociological-Level Rules
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Rules tied to group membership
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Psychological-level rules
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Partners make rules themselves
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Miller and Steinberg Argue That..
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Interpersonal Communication is characterized by the development of personally negotiated rules, increased information exchange, and progressively deeper levels of knowledge
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Reasons for entering dyads
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1. Dyads provide us with comfort and support
2. Dyads help us develop a sense of self 3.Dyads allow us to maintain stable views of ourselves over time. |
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Expressive-protective dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
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Finding a balance between the need to share personal information and the need to maintain privacy
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Autonomy-Togetherness Dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
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Couples and friends must decide how interdependent they want to be
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Novelty-Predictability Dialectic (Interpersonal Tension)
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Dealing with being predictable and keeping original
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Dialectical Emphasis (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
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Couples simply ignore one of the opposing poles of a given dialect. Problem is the opposite pole does not go away.
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Pseudo-Synthesis (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
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Decide to satisfy both dialectical forces at once. Considered unrealistic because it ignores the power of the opposing needs.
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Reaffirmation (Ways to deal with Interpersonal Tension)
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Couple accept fact hat relationships move back and forth between opposing poles.
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Relational Cultures
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Tacit Agreements about the rules that will constitute their relationships
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Relational Definitions
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General Understanding of what couples mean to each other
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Complementary Pattern
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One partner takes the one-up position and one partner takes one-down
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Rigid Complementarity
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When Submissive partner begins too resent always giving in or when dominant partner gets tired of being in charge
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Competitive symmetry
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Both member fight for one up position
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Submissive Symmetry
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Both parties struggle to relinquish control
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Disconfirmation
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Rejecting responses
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Impervious Response
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Listener Ignores person trying to communicate
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Interrupting Response
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Listener interrupts communicator
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Irrelevant Response
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Listener Change subject on communicator
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Tangential Response
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Listener briefly acknowledges communicator's subject then changes it
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Impersonal Response
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Listener Uses formal distant language
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Incoherent Response
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Listener uses embarrassed or tongue tied response
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Incongruous Response
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Verbal and nonverbal are contradictory
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Paradoxes
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Contradictory Messages
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Double Bind
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Receiver given two opposing messages but prohibited from resolving them
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Spiral
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Partners behavior intensity's the others
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Progressive Spiral
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Partners behavior leads to increasing levels of involvement and satisfaction
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Regressive Spiral
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Misunderstanding leads to more misunderstandings
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Initiating Stage (Relational Development Stage)
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Happens during initial encounter. The couple try's to create a favorable initial impression. They carefully observe each other for cues about personality, attitudes, and willingness to engage in further interactions. They look for ways to open communication channels.
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Experimenting Stage (Relational Development Stage)
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Search for common ground. Consists of lots of Phatic Communication (small tallk)
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Intensifying Stage (Relational Development Stage)
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Individuals make initial moves toward greater involvement. Self-disclosure increases.
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Intimacy Trophies
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Signs that the person is in a relationship with someone. Ex. Wearing there jacket.
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Indirect Suggestion (secret test)
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flirting and joking about the seriousness of a relationship to see partners reactions
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Separation Test (secret test)
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see how partner reacts when being apart
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Endurance Test (Secret Test)
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make demands of the time and energy of ones partner. See how far they are willing to go.
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Triangle Test (Secret Test)
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See whether or not partner gets jealous
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Bonding
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Public ritual to legitimize the relationship
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Differentiating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
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Couple begins to notice and comment on previously overlooked differences
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Circumscribing Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
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members restrict their communication
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Stagnating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
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Characterized by silence and inactivity
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Avoiding Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
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Partners separate physically or emotionally
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Terminating Stage (Stages of Coming Apart)
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Termination of relationship
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Intrapsychic Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
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Founded on a sense of grievance and distress at the partner's insensitivity or incapacity to fulfill one's needs adequately
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Dyadic Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
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Partners confront one another and talk about their problems. See if relationship is worth saving.
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Social Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
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Let friends and acquaintances know about the break up and say their side of the story
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Grave-Dressing Phase (Ducks relational dissolution model)
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each person determines the meaning of the couple's time together. Decide what went wrong and what went right and looks for a way to rationalize the relationship.
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Filtering Theory
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We use a series of filters to judge how close to others we want to become
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Sociological or Incidental Cues
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Demographic or environmental factors that determine probability of contact
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Preinteraction Cues
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People use nonverbal impressions to determine whether they wish to interact with others
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Interaction Cues
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Occur once we have made initial contact
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Cognitive Cues
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Sharing attitudes and beliefs.
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Rules of Self-disclosing
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Make sure it is appropriate for relationship
Consider the effect the disclosure will have on others Choose the right time and place for your disclosers Should be related to "here and now" Should be gradual Disclousures should be recipocal |
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Advising and evaluating response
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Response to disclosure is to tell friend what to do
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Analyzing and Interpreting Response
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Response to disclosure is to analyze the causes of there dilemma
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reassuring and supporting response
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Response to disclosure is to offer sympathy
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Questioning and probing response
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Response to disclosure is to gather more information
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Paraphrasing and Understanding Response
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Your response to the disclosure is to paraphrase what they said back to them to make sure you understand what they are saying.
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gunnysacking
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process of postponing and avoiding conflict
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Feedback rules
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1. Own your own message
2. Avoid Apologizing for your feelings 3. Make your messages specific and behavioral 4.Verbal and nonverbal behaviors support one another. 5. Avoid evaluating and interpreting your partner unless he or she specifically asks you to do so. |
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hyperpersonal Interaction
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When online partners overestimate one another attractiveness
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Social Loafing
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When members don't fulfill their work potential.
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Additive Tasks
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The productivity of the group is determined by adding up the efforts of each member
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Way's to beat social loafing
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Build cohesion among members, set clear performance goals, and identity individual contributions.
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Free-riding
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one person does the work the other person just coasts along.
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Disjunctive tasks
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tasks in which one person does a job, no one else has too.
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Idiosyncrasy Credit
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Symbolic currency earned through conformity
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Task Roles
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Roles that help the group to accomplish it's task
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Maintenance Role
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Behaviors that enhance the social climate of the group
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Negative Roles
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Personal goals that do not help the group either of it's basic goals
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Illusion of Invulnerability (Groupthink Symptoms)
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A group so immersed in groupthink that they believe that they are the best and lose all sense of reality
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Belief in groups own morality (Groupthink Symptoms)
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Members of group feel that their actions and beliefs are of more value then people outside of the group
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Shared Stereotypes (Groupthink Symptoms)
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Member of group take on a "us vs. them" mentality and that those who oppose the group are stupid and wrong
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Illusion of Unanimity (Groupthink Symptoms)
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Doubting member believes that everyone else agrees with the group's chosen actions
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Mind-guards
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People who protect the leader and key member from negative information
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Classroom Groups (Unique characteristics)
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1. They are made up of people with little prior history together
2. their members are generally of equal status at the beginning of the group 3. Researchers do their best not to interfere with what happens in the group during the semester so outside pressures are at a minimum |
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Zero-history groups or LGD's (Leaderless group discussions)
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What ever happens within the group, including leader emergence, happens naturally
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Tuckman's 5 stage model
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1. Forming
2.Storming- Group becomes familiar with each other and arguments break out about status 3. Norming- Members settle down and find ways to work with one another 4. Performing- The group focuses on the task and gets most of the work done 5. Adjourning- group members tie up loose ends and reflect on their time together. |
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Fisher's Four-Phase Model
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1. Orientation
2. Conflict 3. Emergence 4. Reinforcement |
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Orientation Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
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Group members begin the complicated process of becoming interdependent. Primary tension occurs (tension caused by the natural uncertainty people experience before communication norms and rules have been worked out)
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Conflict Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
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Secondary tension (occurs as group members disagree over the best ways to accomplish the task as they struggle to find a role within the group that will meet both group and personal needs) starts. As leadership issues are solved and one of the completing solutions gains support, then secondary tension decreases.
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Emergence Phase (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
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Members who opposed the leading solution begin to back down. The eventual task outcome becomes apparent as does the social structure of the group.
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Reinforcement Stage (Fisher's Four-Phase Model)
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Members bolster their decision through the expression of favorable comments and positive reinforcement
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Poole's multiple-sequence model
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Suggests groups develop simultaneously on three different tracks. Task, Topic, and Relation tasks.
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Symposium
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a form of public discussion in which a number of experts give brief, prepared speeches on a topic of general concern
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Forum
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A more freewheeling form of discussion than a symposium. On a forum, there are no outside experts; audience members are the discussants
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Panel Discussion
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Experts interact with one another in a small group while an audience listens
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Buzz Group
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Once initial presentation is finished, audience members are divided into small discussion groups and are asked to respond to the speakers topic
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Participation Equalization Effect
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In initial interactions people communicating electronically participate more equally, presumably because the status cues that would normally make reticent members inhibited are not present
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Characteristics of Organizations
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Interdependence
hierarchical structure linkage to the environment dependence on communication |
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Interdependence (Characteristics of Organizations)
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Means that all members within an organization are connected to one another
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Hierarchy (Characteristics of Organizations)
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System that is divided into orders and ranks
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Linkage to the Environment (Characteristics of Organizations)
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Organizations depend on their surroundings for resources and energy
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Organization Communication
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Arguing, Cooperating, making decisions etc.
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Dependence on Communication (Characteristics of Organizations)
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An organization literally is human behavior
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Ombudsman
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A position in an organization to listen to workers at lower levels and pass their concerns directly to the top
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Tight coupling
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Subunits within an organization that are closely connected and highly interdependent
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loose coupling
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When relationship between subunits in an organization is relatively weak
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Two way's professional relationships differ from personal relationships
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Power and Choice
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Organizational Culture
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Consists of collectively held logic and legends about organizational life and the organizations identity
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Rich Media vs. Lean Media
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Rich media uses a variety of channels to carry information whereas lean media use fewer channels
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First-level effect
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Refers to what the technology is designed to do
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Second-level effect
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an unforeseen side effect of the technology
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Social Penetration Theory
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Onion model of relational development. Consists of Breadth and Depth
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Predicted Outcome Value
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Uncertainty drives relationship early then immediately to POV. Look at award cost ratio. Higher POV means higher motivation to pursue a relationship
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Centralized
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Centered around top managers
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Decentralized
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More lower level connections
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Committed when
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Self-Efficacy is high
Rewards for goal attainment |
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Self-efficacy
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One's perception of how well one can execute a new task
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