Human Physiology Lab Exam 2

Muscles attached to our bones and allow us to move those bones These mucsles are striated

it is specailized and only found in the heart. This muscle is striated.

These line the tubes of our body. They work involuntaryly. Not straited.

ex: digestive tract and blood vessels

Straiated: muscles that have repeating layers of thicker and thinner cell density. This makes the muscle look like it has stripes.

Ubstriated: the cell density is the same throught the cell

one motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it intervates

Made up of repeating units of sacromeres

Made up of actin and myosin. They have z-lines and a m-line

Also called the 'thin filament' because it has a smaller diamter than myosin

Also called thick filament because it has a bigger diamter than actin. It is also considered the powerhouse of the muscle cell. They have heart shaped projections called myosin heads or myosin cross-bridges. The heads protrude everywhere on the filament

-AZ-line runs across the sacromere to B Z-line

-M-line just runs down the mid of Sacromere

-Actin is attchd. to the z-lines/z-discs but don't touch each other in the middle

-Myosin is centered in the mid of the sacromere but does not run across the sacromere and touch the z-lines/discs.

-Myosin and Actin don't quite overlap but they connect to each other by myosin heads and actin fillaments. They create a cross bridge fromation which allows myosin pull actin to the m-line.

Thing that encircles the actin filament

-Tropomyosin covers up the myosin binding sites on the actin filament preventing cross-bridge formation which inhibits the sacromere from contracting.

-Brain sends out a impulse via the motor neuron which innervates the muscle cell at the transverse tubules.

-The transverse tubles then depolarize which cause the whole cell to depolarize.

A thing that is bound to the tropomyosin and regulates the positioning of the tropomyosin and whether it blocks the myosin binding site or not.

-Depolarization of the cell causes the sarcoplasmic recticulum to release its Ca2+ stores.

- Ca2+ binds to troponin causing troponin Ca2+ complex to shift tropomyosin off the myosin cross-bridge binding site.

-Myosin is now able to attach to the actin filaments forming cross-bridges and plls the actin filaments towards the m-line, shortening the sacromere and thus the muscle cell.

ATP

1)Helps myosin cross-bridge to pull actin toward the m-line.

2) Helps myosin head release the actin filament so it can reattach futher down the filament.

3) When the muscle is relaxing, ATP activates the Ca2+ ATPase pump to pump Ca2+ back into tje sacroplasmic reticulum for storage.

1) # of motor units being stimulated (strength of stimulus)

2) the frequency of the stimulation (the speed of the stimulation)

3) The duration (length of time) of the stimulation

strength of muscle twitch

the strongest contraction possible for a muscle

a limp muscle effect no matter how hard you try to contract it

Heart and Blood Vessels

Has:

Two Atria

Two Ventricles

smaller in size with thinner less muscular walls

Larger, thicker, and more muscular because they are pumping chambers of the heart.

Deoxygenate blood enters the heart *VIA THE VENA CAVAE* which is also the largest vein in the body. Blood here dumps into the Right atrium

This is the valve at which blood the right ventricle and closes so that the right ventricle can fill with blood.

they take blood to the lungs, where CO2 will be exchanged for O2. *Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.

Dumps the oxygenated (the only vein in adults to carry oxygenated blood) blood into the left atrium.

1) Capillaries

2) Venules

3) Veins

4) Vena Cavae

5) Right Atrium

6) Trisupsid Valve

7) Right Ventricle

8) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

9) Pulmonary Arteries

10) Lungs ~pulmonary capallaries

11) Pulmonary Veins

describes when the cardiac muscle tissue when it is contracting.

-When Atria go through the systole phase, they push blood into the ventricles

-When the ventricles go through the systole phase, they eject bolld into the arteries

-In the diastolic phases, atria and ventricles fill with blood passively.

Electro Cardio Gram measures the electrical current of the depolarized heart.

-They go away from the heart

-They're small to large

-Thick

-High Pressure

- Goes to Heart

- Small to large

- Thin muscle lining

-low pressure

The number of heart beats per minute

% exercise intensity (220-Age-Resting heart rate)+ resting heart rate

-sound occurs during the systole phase and is produced when the AV valves slam closed to prevent the blood from flowing back up into the atria

happens when sound occurs during the diastole phase and is produced when the pilmonary and aortic valves slam closed to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary and aortic arteries.

Blood Pressure:

Systolic Number

-----------------------------

Diastolic Number

Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

MAP is the average of arterial pressure during a cardia cycle.* The period of diastole is about twice as long as systole.

MAP= Diastolic pressure+1/3 pulse pressure. mmhg

Cardiac Output= the volume of blood in milliliters that is pumped by the heart per unit if time (per minute). It is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.

Small pouches of the lungs with capillaries; this is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer occurs between the lungs and the blood.

air that cannot be completely inhaled into the lungs and the air that cannot be fully exhaled from our body is approximately 0.15 liters for an adult human.

This is the air that cannot leave the lungs, even when the lungs contract. The lungs do this so they don't stick together, when they stick together the lungs will collaspe.

THE

5700ML

~normal breathing~

Inspiration: 2700ml

Expiration: 2200ml

*Diff btwn end expiratory and end-inspiratory volume equals tidal volume (ave. 500 ml)

1200ml

TV= Tidal Volume, 500 ml

IRV= Inspiratory reserve volume, 3000ml

IC= Inspiratory Capacity, 3500 ml

ERV= Expiratory reserve volume, 1000ml

FRC= Functional Residual Capacity, 2200ml

VC= Vital Capacity, 4500ml

TLC= Total Lung Capacity, 5700ml

A) Diffusion btwn air and blood

B) Aveolar air and blood takes place at the pulmonary capillaries.

On a spirometer graph, inhalaltion is always displayed as an upward deflection.

Place a pencil at the peak of a breath cycle and second cursor on the peak of the adjacnt cycle.

ex: T2-T1

Do this two more times to the other peaks and average them out.

T2-T1=Ta, T3-T4=Tb, T5-T6=Tc

Then average them out

(Ta+Tb+Tc) / 3 = Respiration Rate

THIS ISNT DONE YET! NOW DIVIDE BY 60 TO GET RESPIRATION RATE(Breaths/Minute):

-T3/60

-RR= .x breaths/minute BPM

Tidal volume is the average amount of air you breathe in and out whe you breath normally. Calculate this by placing a pencil at the trough before the inhalation and the second point at the peak of the breath. Right down the values, V2-V1, do it two more times and then average the values.

-V2-V1, V4-V3, V5-V6

-(Va+Vb+Vc)/3

-Tidal Volume=V3 liters

This is the average amount of air reaching your lungs when breathing normally. This is calculated by average tidal volume - dead air space.

EX: ATV-DAS= TVa

MVa is the amount of air reaching your lungs each minute when you breath normally?

This is calculated by alveolar tidal volume x respiration rate:

-ATV x RR

-MVa= ATVxRR L/min

This is the amount of air you can breathe in and out when taking a large breath. Place a pencil on the first peak of the forced breath and then a point on the flat line after air has been expelled from the patient's lungs. Write down the value:

-V2-V1

-V

Residual Volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation; this volume of air is always inside of your lungs beccause you cannot exhale all of the air from collasping. Use the average adult value of 1.2 L

This is the total amount of air your lungs can hold. This is calculated as Residual Volume +Vital Capcity

EX: RV + VC = TLC xyz Liters

The maximum amount of air you can forcefully breath in and out when taking a large breath. Place your pencil at the second peak of the forced breath cycle and the second point at the flat line after the patient has expelled the air from their lungs.

Ex:

V2-V1= xyz FVC

FEV1 ia the Maximum amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one second. Place your pencil on the peak of the maximum breath cycle and the second point one second after the peak. Ex:

V2-V1= xyz FEV1

This is the ratio of FEV1/FVC. Do this by Dividing the Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second by the Forced Vital Capacity and then multiplying by 100.

Ex:

-FEV1 / FVC = xyz

-xyz x 100

-% Expiratory Flow xyz

-

Doctors use them in Pulmonary Function Tests to determine whether people are healthy, have obstructive disease, or restrictive lung disease.

It is increased resistance in airways and thier FEV1/FVC is less than 80%. Some examples of Obstructive Disease are asthama, bronchitis and emphysema.

These people have normal resistance in thier airways but have impaired respiratory movement. So thier FEV1/FVC ratios are normal or higher than normal. This occurs in Fibrosis

RR=number of inhales in one minute

RR= xyz breath/minute

TV= Average Normal Inhale - Average Normal Exhale

TV = xyz liters

TVa= Tidal Volume-Dead Air Space

TVa= xyz L

MVa= Alveolar Tidal Volume x Respiration rate

MVa= xyz L/min

VC= maximum inhale - maximum exhale

VC= xyz

RV= 1.2 L

TLC = Residual Volume + Vital Capacity

TLC= xyz L

FVC=Maximum held inhale-forced maximum exhale

FVC= xyz

FEV1=Maximum held inhale - one second later

FEV1= XYZ

% Exp Flow= (Forced Expiratory volume in one second / forced Vital Capacity) x 100%

% Exp Flow= xyz

Kidneys, bladder, Uretha and Ureters.

A) Two

B) filter and clean blood and help blood maintain homeostasis

Pic

1) inorganic ion and water balance in blood

2) removal of nitrogenous waste from blood

3) removal of xenobiotics from blood

4) gluconeogenesis-make glucose

5) secretion of hormones

It is the functional unit of the kidney, there are 1 millon nephrons in EACH kidney~two millon

Afferent Arterioles bring blood to the kidney but only some of the blood gets filtered into the kidney, the rest leave thru the efferent arteriole

The blood that dosen't go through the Afferent Arterioles go thru the Efferent Arteriole without ever entering the kidney.

Glomerular Filatration Rate (GFR)

A capillary bed in each of the kidney nephrons

1) Only 20% of the blood from the afferent arteriole enters through the glomerulus into the nephron

2) 80% of the blood flow right pass the nephron dosen't get cleaned.

3) Some of the items in the blood are too large to fit through the glomerular filter and enter the nephron, these include blood cells and proteins.

1)Bowman's Capsule

2)Proximal Tubule

3) Descending Loop of Henle

4) Ascendinf Loop of Henle

5) Hypoasmotic/ distal convoluted Tubule

6) Collecting Duct

7)Renal Pelvis of the Kidney

1) Aldosterone

2)Vasopressin (aka ADH or Antidiuretic Hormone)

-it is made by the kidneys

-stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb Na+ back into the bloodstream when Na+ levels are low in the blood.

-secreted by the pituitary gland

-stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water when the water levels are low in the blood(the person is dehydrated)

-Causes auaporins to be insterted back into collecting duct walls

Protein channels (tubes) through which water leaves the collecting duct in order to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Vassopressin causes the sertion of aquaporins into the collecting duct walls.

1) re-absorption of HCO3-

2) secrtion of HCO3-

Kidney will allow the HC03- in the nephron to be extreted.

[H+] to increase in the blood lowering pH making the blood more acidic.

the kidney will reabsorb more HCO3- which will bind [H+] and reduce acidity.

pH Spcfc Grvty Vlm

Dcf Soda: ↓ ↔ ↔

Caf Sda: ↓ ↓ ↑

Hypo Sol: ↔ ↓ ↓

Iston Sol: ↔ ↔ ↔

Hypr Sol: ↔ ↑ ↓

You adjust the stimulus. Bigger the stimulus, the bigger the contraction. When the stimulus is recruited there are more motor units.

Give less periods of break/relaxtion

No more calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum which causes fatigue.

Auditory

One Arch, Brain does not control reflex arch but LUMBAR VERTEBRAE AND SPINAL CORD DOES

Interneurons

Contraction

AV Node

We use beat periods, or Beats per minute, to determine heart rate.

Arteriole relaxation and height of arteriole contraction

Heat on Skin sends blood cells there so heat can escape

is produced by circuitry with only one synapse.

Specific gravity-decrease

Urine pH-no change

Specific gravity-increase

Urine pH-no change

Specific gravity-no change

Urine pH-no change

Specific gravity-decrease

Urine pH-decrease

Urine pH- decrease

Red = oxygenated

Blue= deoxygenated

Count the number of inhales in the 30 second window and multiply by 2 9 x 2 = 18

3.3 - 2.7 = .6

.45 x 18 = 8.1

4.7 - 1.6 = 3.1

3.1 + 1.2 = 4.3

4.4 - 1.3 = 3.1

4.4 - 1.9 = 2.5

(2.5 / 3.1) x 100 = .806 x 100 (100 so it can turn into a percent) = 80.6%