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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
function of cells
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1) energy production/utilization
2) reproductio 3) detecting and responding to signals (irratibility) 4) growth/metabolism |
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4 basic types of specialized cells
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epithelial cells
connective tissue cells nerve cells muscle cells |
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4 basic types of tissues
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same as 4 specialized cell types (epithelial, connective, nere, muscle)
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function of tissues
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form functional units of organs w/ many cell types
e.g. nephron |
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organs?
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formed of many tissues
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name the level of organzation of the human body from the smallest "scope" to the largest
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molecules, cells, specialized cell types, tissues, organ, organ sys, organism (human being).
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unicells organization
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single cell in direct contact with extracellular enviroment;
rapid, efficient exchange across membrane by diffusion |
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multicellular organization
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cells are remote, embedded in complex organs/organ sys
cell function depends on stable internal enviroment; = fluid around cells |
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in humans: H20 makes up what % of body weight?
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60%
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organization of human body:
describe the intercellular and extracellular components including how many L of water they consist of |
INTRACELLULAR
- = cytosol (28L) -sorrounded by biological membrane -regulated composition EXTRACELLULAR (14L) -outside enviroment bathing cell -composition differs from IC -made of two components: Plasma (3L) and Interstitial Fluid (11L) |
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what is plasma and where is it found?
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plasma (3L out of the 14L o EC fluid) is found in the vessels of the circulatory system
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what is the interstitial fluid?
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Fluid found between cells (11L/14L of extracellular)
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function of muscle cells
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movement
must be attached to bones, skin (facial expressions), hollow cavities (e.g. heart). sorround tubes in body (blood vessels)= contract = change in diameter of tube |
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fxn of nerve cells
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initiate and conduct electrical signals
stimulate gland cell to release substance or muscle to contract |
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epithelial cells
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selective secretion/absorption of molecules
protection line the walls ep cells rest on extracellular pr layer called basement membrane |
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basement membrane
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what epi cells rest on
form the boundaries betwen compartments function as selective barriers regulating the exchange of molecules forms barriers= protects |
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fxn of connective cells
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connect, anchor, support,
underlying epithelial cells some also found in adipose, bone cells, RBC, WBC |
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extracellular matrix
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part of the extracellular enviroment that sorrounds each cell
serves as a scaffold for cellular attachments transmits information (in the form of chem messengers, to help regulate their activities (e.g. migration, growth, differentiation) |
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components of extracellular matrix
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collagen fibers
elastic fibers |
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Integumentary sys
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(largest)
e.g skin, epithethial cells barriers (protect) consist of connective and muscle |
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cardiovascular
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heart, bv, veins, arteries, lymph
dispersal role of nutrients, waste, CO2, O2 |
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respiratory
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lungs, skin (e.g. frogs), nasal pharynx
cellular respiration |
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Digestive
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stomach, mouth, small and large intestines, pancreas
breakdown of food into nutrients |
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nervous system
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brain, peripheral ns (spinal cord), CNS
IRRATIBILITY |
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skeletal
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cartilage, bone, ligaments, joints
support, orotection and movement of body; production of blood cells |
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reproductive
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production of sperms or eggs
nutrition of egg |
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endocrine
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secratory
cell communication; regulating metabolic activity |
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immune system
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trigger responses
facilitate responses |
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renal/urinary
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kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of salts,water, and organic wastes |
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constriction of skin blood vessels
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decreases heat loss from body
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curling up
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decreases heat loss from body
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shivering
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increases the production of heat
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general characteristics of homeostasis
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a) dynamic constancy
dynamic over short intervals, but contast over large b) steady state e.g temperature is not changing, but need heat to maintain constantcy c)eqilibrium variable is not changing but do not need to maintain its constancy d) set point |
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general processes of homeostasis
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maintenance of set points
input ATP physical properties (diffusion) |
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cell communication
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between interstitial and intracellular regions
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two types of signal source
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electrical (nervous system, fast)
chemical (transmitters, hormones) |
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variety of cellular responses
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1. enzyme activation
2. change in membrane permeability 3. gene activation 4. mitoses/cell division cell's rate of proliferation/differentiation cell's contractile activity |
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examples of hyrophobic ligands
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sterod (cholesterol derived)
thyroid hormone calcitrol (e.g vitamin d) |