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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most militant of the iron-wielding empires of Mesopotamia
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The Assyrians
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Literally, "the land between the two rivers"
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Mesopotamia
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The rivers that surrounded Mesopotamia
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Tigris and Euphrates
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First Mesopotamian civilization
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Sumer
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Humankind first cities
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Uruk, Ur, Kish, Nippur, and Lagash
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The Babylonian Creation (humankind cosmological myth)
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Sumerian poem
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It was recited during the festival of the New Year
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The Babylonian Creation poem
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It celebrated the birth of the gods and the order of creation
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The Babylonian Creation poem
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Described a universe originated by means of spontaneous generation: the sweet and the bitter waters mingled to produce the first gods
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The Babylonian Creation poem
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The "great mother of the primeval waters"
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Tiamat
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Hero-god and offspring of wisdom
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Marduk
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Destroys the great mother and establish a new order
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Marduk
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Literally, "home of the gods"
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The holy city of Babylon
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Based on "The Babylon Creation" poem, who creates human beings?
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Marduk
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Based on "The Babylon Creation" poem, for what purpose Marduk created human beings?
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To serve heaven's divinities
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Father of the gods, god of heaven
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Anu
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Storm and rain god
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Adad
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god of the primeral sweet waters
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Apsu
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god of vegetation, fertility,and the underworld, husband of Ishtar
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Dumuzi (Tammuz)
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god of wisdom and patron of the arts
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Ea
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god of the earth, wind and air
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Enlil
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goddess of love, fertility, and war; queen of heaven
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Ishtar (Inanna)
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Mother goddess, creator of vegetation; wife of Enlil
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Ninhursag
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goddess of grain
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Nisaba
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god of the sun; judge and law-giver; god of wisdom
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Shamash
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goddess of the moon
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Sin (Nanna)
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What marks the shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in the polytheistic history?
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Maarduk's destruction of the great mother Tiamat
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goddess of chaos and love, associated with fertility, the moon, and the planet Venus
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Ishtar (Inanna)
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goddess that seem to have held priestly authority in the ancient city of Uruk
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Ishtar (Inanna)
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What are the central motifs in the "Epic of Gilgamesh"?
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The theme of human vulnerability and the search for everlasting life
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World's first epic
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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Long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a hero in quest of meaning and identity
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An epic
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When was the the Epic of Gilgamesh recorded and when?
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It was recorded in Sumer in the late third millennium B.C.E.
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As literature, it precedes the Hebrew Bible and all the other major writings of antiquity
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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Who was the hero in the Epic of Gilgamesh?
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Gilgamesh
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Describe Gilgamesh
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2/3 god and 1/3 man, blessed by the gods with beauty and courage
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Who was punished with the loss of his dearest companion?
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Gilgamesh
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Who was Gilgamesh involved with that brought punishment to him?
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Ishtar (queen of heaven)
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Gilgamesh dearest companion
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Enkidu
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What did gilgamesh do after Enkidu's death?
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Gilgamesh undertakes a long and hazardous quest in search of everlasting life.
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Who is Gilgamesh meets while on his quest?
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A mortal named Utnapishtim
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Said to have saved humankind from a devastating flood?
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Utnapishtim
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The Hebrews believed that ____ saved humankind from a devastating flood
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Noah
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Who was rewarded with the secret of eternal life which Gilgamesh seek for?
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Utnapishtim after saving humankind from a devastating flood
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What warning did Utnapishtim give to Gilgamesh?
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All classes of people, the master and the slave, are equal in death
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Based on the Epic of Gilgamesh, what was said by Utnapishtim to restore lost youth?
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A plant
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Ancient symbol of rebirth and why?
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A serpent because of it's ability to shed its skin
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What stole the plant from Gilgamesh and why?
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Because he guarded it carelessly, a serpent snatched it from him
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Symbols of wisdom
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OwlS
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Symbol of power
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Lions
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Fifth ruler in the dynasty of Uruk after the flood
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Gilgamesh
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Sumerian paradise, a mythical land resembling the Garden of Eden described in the Hebrew Bible
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Dilmun
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Approximately twelve leagues
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approximately 36 miles
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Semitic sun god
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Shamash
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Important as the world's first epic poem and as the earliest known literary work that tries to come to terms with death or nonbeings
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
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First written language
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Cuneiform script
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Where humankind's earliest Bronze Age technology was produced?
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In Sumer
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Where was the base-60 number system (origin of the seconds and minutes) created?
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In Sumer
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In each of the city-states of Sumer, who led the army, regulated the supply and distribution of food, and provided political and religious leadership?
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The individual priest-kings
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Ruled as agents of one or another of the gods
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Priest-kings
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Why the city-states of Sumer were vulnerable to invasion?
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Because they were disunited and rivalrous
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Gifted Akkadian warlord
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Sargon I
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Conquered Sumer and united the city-states under his command around 2350 B.C.E.
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Sargon I
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How long did Sargon I reign?
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56 years
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Sole ruler an representative of the gods
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Theocratic monarch
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Theocratic monarch (sole ruler and representative of the gods)
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Sargon I
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Created the world's first multi-ethnic empire consolidating various people and language groups
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Sargon I
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By 2000 B.C.E. his dynasty collapse under the attacks of nomadic tribespeople from the north
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Sargon I
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Double-sided wooden panel found in the royal tombs excavated at the city of Ur, that holds the social order and division of labor in Mesopotamia
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"Standard of Ur"
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Semiprecious blue stone
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Lapis lazulli
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The Standard if Ur constitutes a visual text that sheds light on class divisions and royal authority in what ancient culture?
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Mesopotamian culture
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Babylon's sixth ruler
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Hammarabi
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Collection of 282 clauses engraved on a 7-foot-high steel
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Hammarabi's Code
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Most valuable index to ancient Mesopotamian life
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Hammarabi's Code
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Not the first example of recorded law among the Babylonian kings, but is the most extensive and comprehensive set of laws to survive from ancient times
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Hammarabi's Code
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Adressed secular matters but it bore the force of divine decree
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Hammarabi's Code
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Covers a broad spectrum of moral, social, and commercials obligtions
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Hammarabi's Code
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Under Babylonian law, individuals were not regarded as equals
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Hammarabi's Code
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Human worth was defined in terms of a person's wealth and status in society
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Hammarabi's Code
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Violence committed by one free person upon another was punished reprocically
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Hammarabi's Code
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Violence committed by a free person upon a lower class individual drew lighter punishment, and penalties were reduced even further is the victim was a slave
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Hammarabi's Code
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In Babylonian society women were considered intellectually and physically inferior to men and much like slaves
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Hammarabi's Code
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Clause 142: Hammarabi's Code
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No-fault divorce:since a husband's neglect of his spouse was not punishable, neither party was legally at fault
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Multiplication tables, quadratic quations, square roots, cube roots, and an approximate value of pi are derived in _____.
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Babylon
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Windmills are employed for irrigation
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In Babylon
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Member of the lower class, probably a peasant who worked the land for the ruling class
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Plebeian
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mina of silver
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A pound of silver
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Massive terraced tower made of rubble and brick that was the spiritual center of the Mesopotamian city-state
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Ziggurat
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Serve as a shrine and templ, and possible burial site and also symbolized that linked the realms of heaven and earth
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Ziggurat
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Tribal nomads who built an empire lasting until ca. 1200 B.C.E.
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Hittites
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Cheaper to produce and more durable than bronze
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Iron
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Made use of iron weapons and horse-drawn war chariots that provided increased speed and motility in battle
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Hittites
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Energetic , seafaring people located on the Mediterranean Sea, that developed an alphabet of 22 signs
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Phoenicians
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Successors of the Hittites that began the practice of minting coins
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Lydians
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Nomadic people that founded a theocratic state based in a unique belief system that would become the wellspring of: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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Hebrews
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The beginnings of Hebrew history are associated with:
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Abraham of Ur
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Patriarch who is believed to have led the Hebrews westward across the Fertile Crescent to settle in Canaan
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Abraham
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Led the Hebrews across the Red Sea
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Moses
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Event that became the basis for the second book of the Hebrew Bible, Exodus
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Hebrews cross the Red Sea led by Moses
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Literally, "going out"
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Exodus
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"promised land"
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Canaan
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The belief in a single all powerful creator god
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Monotheism
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Hebrew's forged the fundamentals of their faith
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Sinai dessert near the Dead Sea
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The Decalogue
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Ten Commandments
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Moral laws that define the proper relationship between God and the faithful; also define the ethical obligations between Hebrews
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Ten Commandments
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Universe was divinely planned and invested with moral order by a benevolent, all-knowing Being
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Hebrew Creation
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the Hebrew universe was the gift given by it's Creator to his supreme creation:
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Humankind
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the veneration of a single god as a moral monitor
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Ethical monothiesm
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It practice dignified individual moral judgement and became the most lasting of the Hebrew contributions in world culture
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Ethical monothiesm
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First five books of the Bible are knonw as:
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The Torah
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Literally means, "instruction"
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Torah
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Parts of the text belong to a common context: the world and lore of ancient Sumer
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book of Genesis
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The story of the flood appears on which two text?
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Genesis and the Epic of Gilgamesh
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Regarded as sacred scripture by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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The Bible
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The fault of the parents will fall on their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren
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Exodus 20:5
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No promise of reward for obedience, no promise of heaven, no treat of hell; only the terrible warning that God will punish those who fail to keep the commandments to the third generation
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The Hebrews Law
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Made first Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible
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Jerome, fourth-century church father
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"people of the Sea"
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Philistines
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Named "Israel" by God
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Jacob
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Canaan became a powerful state defended by armies equipped with iron war chariots under which Hebrew Kings?
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Saul, David, and Salomon
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Where was the Ark of the Covenant constructed?
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In the city of Jerusalem
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Who constructed the Ark of the Covenannt?
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King Solomon
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Houses of worship
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Synagogues
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Seven branched candelabrum
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Menorah
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ram's horn used to call the faithful to prayer
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shofar
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Established the model for secular and familial authority
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The covenant between God and the Hebrews
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Hebrews were divided by Solomon into two administrative division:
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Northern portion (Israel, capital at Samaria) and the southern portion (Judah, capital Jerusalem)
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Literally, "spokespersons"
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Prophets
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Claimed to have heard words of divine disapproval and anger
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Prophets
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Hebrew prophets that warned of violations of the covenant
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Amos, Hosea, Isaiah
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What prophet reaffirm the covenant to the Hebrews a century after the fall of Jerusalem to the Assyrians?
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Jeremiah
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"God rewards and punishments not in life hereafter, but here on earth"
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Jeremiah
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Who burned, raided the temple and took the inhabitant of Jerusalem?
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King Nebuchadnezzar
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Book that raises the questions of unjustified suffering in an universe governed by a merciful God
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Book of Job
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Post-exile age
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Period following the Babylonian captivity
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Period marked by apocalyptic hopes and the renewal of the covenant
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Post exile-age. (Period following the Babylonian captivity)
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Collection of 150 songs of praise, thanksgiving, confession, and suplication
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Psalms
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Ritual for public worship
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Liturgy
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One of the most eloquent songs of praise in the Hebrew Bible
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Psalm 8
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What type of technology encouraged the rise of large and powerful empires?
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Iron technology
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First of the Iron Age empire-builders
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Assyrians
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Earned the reputation as "the most militant civilization of ancient Mesopotamia
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Assyrians
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First known to construct aqueducts
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Assyrians
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Who introduced the standard coinage?
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The Lydians
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Who introduced iron into Mesopotamia?
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the Hittites
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Last and largest empire of Mesopotamia
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Persian empire
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called "the Great" for his conquests over territories from India to the Mediterranean Sea
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Cyrus II
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Capital and ceremonial center of Persia
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Persepolis
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Persia is now
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Iran
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Greek historian who provided the motto for the United States Postal Service
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Herodotus
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"wise lord" exalted by Zoraster
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Aura-Mazda
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The Persians devised a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet:
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Zoroaster
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Taught tha life was a battlefield on which the opposing forces of light and darkness contended for supremacy
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Zoroaster
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According to his teachings, there will be a "Last Judgement"
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Zoroaster
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Cosmology is characterized by chaos and conflict
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Mesopotamian cosmology
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Cosmology reflect their sense of order and optismsm
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Egypt's cosmology
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The_____ are reflected in the behavior and actions of the deities.
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forces of nature
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considered "the birthplace of civilization"
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Mesopotamia (Iraq)
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earliest Mesopotamian "civilization"
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Sumer
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Besides the fact that the Tigris and Euphrates were not predictable, what was another major factor that affected Mesopotamia?
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Natural geography
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Had no one particular language or continuos goverment due to constant invasions
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Mesopotamia
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What does Egypt and Mesopotamia had in common?
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Polytheism
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The ____ are reflected in the behavior and action of the deities
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Forces of nature
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Egypt's cosmology reflected their _____.
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sense of order and optimism
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Humankind's earliest cosmological myth
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The Babylonian Creation
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World's first epic
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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It was recorded in Sumer before the Hebrew Bible
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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World's earliest recorded literature
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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Are a fascinating look at a culture's beliefs and morals
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Epics
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Central theme was the quest for everlasting life and immortality
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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somewhat unique: he is both solar and lunar creature
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The bull
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Succeeded in unifying Mesopotamis, bringing together diverse people's to form the world's first empire
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Sargon I
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His empire lasted 350 years
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Sargon I
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Difference between and Akhenaten monothiesm
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Akhenaten worship the sun god Aten
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Books that emphasize the values of human experience
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The books of the Old Testament
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Dispersion of a people from its original homeland
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Diaspora
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