Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The hypothalamus makes and secretes hormones _______ into the general circulation
|
directly
|
|
System that consists of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
|
Endocrine system
|
|
Secretion of endocrine hormones is regulated by what two types of feedback
|
positive and negative feedback loops
|
|
Hyposecretion (not enough secretion) of endocrine hormones is often treated by ________ ________ with these hormones
|
replacement therapy with synthetic (artificial) hormones
|
|
Hypersecretion (too much secretion) of endocrine hormones is treated by
|
multiple ways
|
|
The hypothalamus also makes and secretes ______ ______ into the portal blood
|
releasing factors
|
|
Releasing factors, made and secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulate the synthesis and secretion of what hormones
|
pituitary hormones
|
|
Does the anterior pituitary have direct neural connection?
|
NO
|
|
At the pituitary, hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of
|
hormones
|
|
Pituitary hormone structure is typically a ______ _______ and has these two subunits
|
heterodimeric glycoprotein, alpha and beta subunits
|
|
This subunit of the PH structure is the same in LH, FSH, TSH, while this subunit differs, containing receptor binding sites
|
alpha, beta
|
|
LH and FSH are ________ that are thought to be made by the same cells
|
gonadatrophs
|
|
Nearly __% of anterior pituitary secretory cells make this hormone
|
40%, growth hormone (GH)
|
|
This hormone secretion varies with age and is secreted in pulses with highest quantities secreted at night
|
growth hormone
|
|
GH release is stimulated by this and inhibited by this
|
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SST)
|
|
This inhibits GHRH secretion
|
somatostatin (SST)
|
|
This stimulates GHRH secretion and inhibits SST
|
Ghrelin
|
|
This hormone DIRECTLY binds the GH receptor and INDIRECTLY stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factors
|
growth hormone
|
|
This receptor is a member of the cytokine receptor family because it has an extracellular binding site and an intracellular region that mediates signal transduction
|
growth hormone receptor
|
|
___ GH molecule binds ___ GHR's
|
one, two
|
|
The binding of GH to its receptors causes autophosphorylation of ___ which starts a signal transduction cascade
|
JAK2 "just another kinase"
|
|
The net results of GH binding its receptors are
|
gene transcription and recruitment of IRS-1
|
|
When is GH used as a drug
|
when there is a deficiency in GH
|
|
Hypothalamic hormones are secreted directly into
|
general circulation
|
|
"RULE OF THUMB"
|
different pituitary cells make different hormones
|
|
Bone growth, increase muscle mass and induction of IGF-1 are all physiological effects of what hormone
|
growth hormone
|
|
Many GH preparation are referred to as
|
somatripin
|
|
Does non-human GH work in humans?
|
NO
|
|
In adults, side effects for this hormone include: peripheral edema, carpal tunnel syndrome, arthralgia and myalgia
*children suffer FEW side effects |
GH
|
|
the "Anti-GH", made in the hypothalamus, inhibits the secretion of GH
|
somatostatin
|
|
This works through the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) and contains at least _ subtypes
|
somatostatin, 5 subtpyes
|
|
These analogues are used to treat acromegaly and other instances of GH excess
|
somatostatin
|
|
This is a member of the somatotropin family
|
prolactin
|
|
This is made and secreted from the anterior pituitary
|
prolactin
|
|
secretion of prolactin is stimulated by ___ from the hypothalamus and inhibited by ___ from the hypothalamus
*mainly inhibitory |
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and dopamine (DA)
|
|
These receptors are responsible for inhibitory actions of dopamine
|
dopamine D2 receptors
|
|
Release of this is stimulated by stress, suckling, hypoglycemia, exercise and estrogen increases
|
prolactin
|
|
This hormone works via the prolactin receptor (cytokine family) and when bound it activates this
|
prolactin hormone, activates JAK
|
|
This stimulates lactation from the breasts and is widely distributed throughout a variety of tissues (other tissues are poorly understood)
|
prolactin
|
|
Are there any therapeutic uses for prolactin?
|
NO
|
|
Dopaminergic agents, Bromocriptine, Pergolide, Cabergoline, Quinaglide
|
agents that alter prolactin secretion
|
|
D2 AGONISTS _______ prolactin release
|
inhibit
|
|
D2 ANTAGONISTS remove dopamine inhibition, resulting in
|
increase in prolactin secretion
|
|
Bromocriptine and Cabergoline are
|
D2 agonists, inhibiting prolactin release
|
|
Pergolide is a
|
DA receptor agonist
|
|
Quinaglide is a non-ergot D2 agonist with a __ hour half-life
|
22 hr
|
|
This hormone regulates the hormonal cascade that results in ovulation
|
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
|
|
____ in the hypothalamus stimulates __ and ___ in the anterior pituitary which targets the gonads and produces inhibin and sex steroids
|
GnRH, LH and FSH
|
|
A nonapeptide hormone and neurotransmitter
|
oxytocin
|
|
This is made in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
|
oxytocin
|
|
Oxytocin is released into the circulation from the
|
posterior pituitary
|
|
Oxytocin is similar to VASOPRESSIN, but differs by
|
2 amino acids
|
|
This hormone is secreted in response to suckling, cervix changes and stress
|
oxytocin
|
|
Oxytocin is involved in inducing __________ and stimulates uterine
|
parturition, contrations
|
|
Oxytocin receptors are
|
GPCRs coupled to Gq and G11
|
|
Oxytocin binding to receptors results in an increase in intracellular __ and enhances activation of VG __ channels
|
Ca++
|
|
This hormone stimulates prostaglandin synthesis, which increases uterine contractions
|
oxytocin
|
|
Oxytocin as a drug is used to
|
stimulate labor
|
|
Atosiban, which contains this hormone, is an antagonist that is used to suppress pre-term labor
|
oxytocin
|
|
this hormone can be given to reduce hemorrhage
|
oxytocin
|