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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
diffusion
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the passive movement of particles from a high to a low concentration
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osmosis
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the passive movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to that of a high concentration through a partially permeable membrane
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active site
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region on a protein where substrates bind
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denaturation
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changing the structure of an enzyme or other protein so that it can no longer carry out its function
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gene
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a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic
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gene
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a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic
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allele
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a form of a gene, differing from other alleles only by a few changes in base sequence and located on the same locus as other alleles of that gene
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genome
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the whole of the genetic information of an organism
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gene mutation
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change in the base sequence of a gene (substitution, deletion, insertion)
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that have the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes
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genotype
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the genetic make-up of an organism
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phenotype
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the physical traits of an organism
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dominant allele
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the phenotype is present whether the alleles are homozygous or heterozygous
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recessive allele
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the phenotype is only affected when present in a homozygous state
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codominant alleles
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both alleles affect the phenotype (such as pink flowers)
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locus/loci
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location or position of a gene on a chromosome
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homozygous
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having two identical alleles
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heterozygous
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having two different alleles
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carrier
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an organism that has a recessive allele that does not affect the phenotype
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test cross
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homozygous recessive cross with an unknown to discover the genotype
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sex linkage
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a gene located on a sex chromosome
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clone
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a genetically identical copy of a cell or organism from a single parent
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species
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a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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habitat
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environment in which an organism lives
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population
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a number of species living in an area at the same time
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community
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a group of populations living in the same area at the same time
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ecosystem
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a community and its abiotic environment
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ecology
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the study of ecosystems
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autotroph
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an organism that is able to obtain energy by creating its own organic matter
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heterotroph
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an organism that obtains energy from organic matter from other organisms
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consumers
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organisms that ingest recently dead or living organic matter
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detritivore
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organism that ingests non-living organic matter
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saprotroph
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organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the products of digestion
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trophic level
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position of an organism in a food chain
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evolution
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the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
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linkage group
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all of the genes that have their loci on the same chromosome type
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polygenic inheritance
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a single characteristic is controlled by two or more genes
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allele frequency
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how common an allele is
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gene pool
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all the genetic information present in the reproducing members of a population at a given time
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half life
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the amount of time it takes for one half of a radioisotope to decay
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clade
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a group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
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cladistics
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method of classifying living organisms based on the construction and analysis of cladograms
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sense
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strand of DNA used during transcription to make mRNA (mRNA made has the sequence of the antisense strand of DNA, and it codes for a sense strand of polypeptide during translation)
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DNA
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genetic material made of nucleotides (ATGC) in the shape of a double stranded helix and able to replicate itself
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antisense
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strand that forms the template for transcription and is transcribed
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genetic evolution
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inherited characteristics that pass from parent to child only through genes over many generations
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cultural evolution
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acquired knowledge, such as language, customs, rituals, arts, and technology, passed onto many in a social group
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homologous
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structures that have common evolutionary origin, even if their function is different
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analogous
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structures with a common function but different evolutionary origin
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autosomes
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chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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sex chromosome
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chromosome that determines the sex of an organism
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