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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Industrial Hygiene?
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What is Industrial Hygiene?
ô€º That science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community. |
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Environmental Factors or
Stresses |
Environmental Factors or
Stresses ô€º Chemical Hazards ô€º Physical Hazards ô€º Biological Hazards ô€º Ergonomic Hazards |
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Chemical Hazards
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Chemical Hazards
ô€º Solvents ô€º Heavy Metals ô€º Irritants ô€º Sensitizers ô€º Particulates |
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Physical Hazards
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Physical Hazards
ô€º Ionizing Radiation ô€º Non-ionizing Radiation ô€º Noise ô€º Temperature Extremes ô€º Abnormal Pressures ô€º Vibration ô€º Mechanical Stressors |
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Biological Hazards
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Biological Hazards
ô€º Blood-borne Pathogens ô€º Molds & Mycobacterium ô€º Plant and Animal Allergens |
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Ergonomic Hazards
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Ergonomic Hazards
ô€º Repetitive motions in awkward positions ô€º Improper lifting or reaching ô€º Improperly designed tools, work areas, or work procedures |
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Hazard vs. Toxicity
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Hazard vs. Toxicity
ô€º Toxicity: the ability of a substance to cause harm ô€º Hazard: the likelihood that harm will result |
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Routes of Entry
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4
Routes of Entry ô€º Inhalation ô€º Absorption ô€º Ingestion ô€º Injection |
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IH Key Elements
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IH Key Elements
ô€º Anticipation ô€º Recognition ô€º Evaluation ô€º Control |
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Hazard Anticipation
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Hazard Anticipation
ô€º Qualitative Review of : – Process Materials – End products and byproducts – Equipment and production – Engineering controls |
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Hazard Recognition
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Hazard Recognition
ô€º Understand the processes and materials in the workplace ô€º Passive surveillance – Worker’s compensation records – OSHA log ô€º Active surveillance – Interview workers and supervisors – Observe work practices and housekeeping |
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Evaluating a Health Hazard
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Evaluating a Health Hazard
ô€º Probability of exposure ô€º Nature of the chemical or energy involved ô€º Intensity of the exposure ô€º Duration of the exposure |
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Evaluation
ô€º Determine intensity by measurement of: |
Evaluation
ô€º Determine intensity by measurement of: – Chemical – Physical – Ergonomic or – Biological Stresses |
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Evaluation
ô€º Measurement Methodologies – Quantitative Assessments |
Evaluation
ô€º Measurement Methodologies – Quantitative Assessments ô€º Skin Sampling ô€º Surface Sampling ô€º Biological Monitoring ô€º Biomechanics and Anthropometrics ô€º Air Sampling |
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Air Sampling
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Air Sampling
ô€º Where ô€º When ô€º How ô€º Interferences |
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Primary Governmental Agencies Responsible for Occupational Health
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Primary Governmental Agencies
Responsible for Occupational Health ô€º Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ô€º National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) |
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Evaluation
ô€º Data Analysis and Interpretation |
Evaluation
ô€º Data Analysis and Interpretation – Compare with Occupational Exposure Limits ô€º OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): ô€º ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) ô€º NIOSH REL (Recommended Exposure Limit, also called NIOSH REL) ô€º NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health (IDLH) – Company Exposure Guidelines |
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Workplace Exposure
Guidelines ô€º Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) |
Workplace Exposure
Guidelines ô€º Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) – Published by American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold limit values refer to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects |
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Dose Response Relationship
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Dose = Concentration X Time
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ACGIH Exposure Guidelines
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ACGIH Exposure Guidelines
ô€º Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) - typically a 15 min sample ô€º Ceiling Limit (TLV-C) - short term sample, usually <15 min sample ô€º Skin ô€º Mixtures ô€º Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) C1T1 + C2T2 + C3T3+…CnTn/480 minutes |
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Range of TLVs
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Range of TLVs
HIGHEST – Carbon dioxide - 5000 ppm LOWEST – Osmium tetroxide - 0.0002 ppm - where ever worker is |
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Biological Exposure Indices
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Biological Exposure Indices
ô€º ACGIH BEIs – Urine, breath, blood, hair – Unchanged chemical or metabolite or biomarker – Half-life of metabolite ô€º OSHA (cadmium and lead) |
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Exposure Guidelines
ô€º OSHA: Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) |
Exposure Guidelines
ô€º OSHA: Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) – OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits: PEL-TWA Eight hour time-weighted average concentration PEL-STEL 15 minute time-weighted average concentration PEL-C Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded – Action level: a concentration that requires an action to be taken, such as training, engineering controls, etc. |
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NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits:
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NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits: REL-TWA
Eight hour time-weighted average concentration REL-STEL 15 minute time-weighted average concentration REL-C Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded IDLH 30 minute concentration that is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health |
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ACGIH recommended Treshold Limit Values:
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ACGIH recommended Treshold Limit Values: TLV-TWA
Eight hour time-weighted average concentration TLV-STEL 15 minute time-weighted average concentration TLV-C Ceiling concentration - not to be exceeded |
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IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
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IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health The maximum level from which a worker could escape without any irreversible health effects within a 30 minute time-frame.
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Biological Exposure Indices
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Biological Exposure Indices
ô€º American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®) – Urine, breath, blood, hair – Unchanged chemical or metabolite or biomarker – Half-life of metabolite ô€º OSHA (cadmium and lead) |
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Other Exposure Guidelines &
Consensus Standards |
Other Exposure Guidelines &
Consensus Standards ô€º American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) – Workplace Environmental Exposure Limits (WEEL’s) – Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG’s) ô€º American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – respiratory protection programs – labeling of hazardous materials |
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PEL v. TLV
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PEL v. TLV
• PEL’s (OSHA) have State/Federal legal authority - consider cost/benefit • TLV’s (ACGIH) are state-of-the-art guidelines - No legal authority - Do not consider cost/benefit |
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Hazard Evaluation
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Hazard Evaluation
1. Identify the hazard 2. Measure the exposure 3. Compare to standard or guideline |
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Controls
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Controls
ô€º Engineering - always first choice ô€º Administrative ô€º Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - last choice |
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Control Methods
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Control Methods
ô€º Engineering – Substitution - can we substitute for a less toxic chemical? – Isolation – Enclosure – Ventilation ô€º Administrative – Reduced work time – Training ô€º Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Gloves, respirators, etc. |
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What is an Industrial Hygienist
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What is an Industrial Hygienist
ô€º The profession concerned with the recognition, evaluation, and control of occupational health hazards that arise in the workplace. |
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IH Objectives
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IH Objectives
ô€º Protect the health of the employees ô€º Prevent or reduce the risk of losses from occupational disease and illness |
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IH Responsibilities
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IH Responsibilities
ô€º Direct Programs ô€º Examine the Work Environment – Review manufacturing processes – Conduct sampling – Analyze test results ô€º Interpret results ô€º Decide on appropriate controls ô€º Develop policies and procedures ô€º Expert testimony ô€º Prepare labels and warnings ô€º Train and educate ô€º Conduct Research |
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IH Multidisciplinary Team
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Multidisciplinary Team
ô€º Occupational Medicine – Physicians – Nurses ô€º Engineers – Safety – Environmental – Industrial |
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Industrial Hygiene Organizations
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Industrial Hygiene Organizations
ô€º American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) ô€º American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ô€º American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) ô€º American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH) |
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Professional Certifications
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Professional Certifications
ô€º ABIH – CIH: Certified Industrial Hygienist - have to work a min of 4-5 yrs – IHIT: Industrial Hygienist in Training - no longer offered – CAIH: Certified Associate Industrial Hygienist - no longer available ô€º BCSP - board certified safety specialist – CSP: Certified Safety Professional – ASP: Associate Safety Professional ABIH/BCSP joint committee – CHST: Construction Health and Safety Technologist – COHST: Certified Occupational Health and Safety Technologist |
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Occupational Health History
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Occupational Health History
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Occupational Health History - the peeps
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Occupational Health History
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Occupational Health History - what did Hippocrates and Pline the Elder do?"
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Occupational Health History
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Occupational Health History -Georgius Agricola
1494 - 1555 |
Georgius Agricola
1494 - 1555 • A physician who authored 12-volume treatise on mining “De Re Metallica” which was translated into English by President - and mining engineer - Herbert Hoover • Volume 6 described diseases and injuries of miners and methods for their prevention. Diseases included arsenic poisoning |
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Occupational Health History -Paracelsus
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Paracelsus
1493 - 1541 “The Father of Toxicology” • A chemist, metallurgist, and physician • Wrote a treatise on diseases of miners and smelter workers “Tis the dose that makes the poison” |
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Occupational Health History -Bernardino Ramazzini
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Bernardino Ramazzini
1633 - 1714 The Father of Occupational Medicine • in 1770 published De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, or The Diseases of Occupations • extensively catalogued maladies common among 54 different occupations and trades. What is your occupation?” |
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Occupational Health History -
Percival Pott |
Percival Pott
In 1775, Percival Pott described occupational cancer among English chimney sweeps, identifying soot and the lack of personal hygiene measures as a cause of scrotal cancer. The result was the Chimney- Sweeps Act of 1788. |
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
~1760 - 1830 in Great Britain ~1860 - 1900 in U.S. • work became divided • repetitive tasks and exposures • work became mechanized • production rates increased • man/machine interactions • work required mass labor • need for women and children workers • increased need for immigration • shift from agriculture to industry |
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ALICE HAMILTON, M.D
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ALICE HAMILTON, M.D
1869 - 1970 • first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School • between 1911 and 1945 published 55 articles in occupational medicine and hygiene, especially significant: • 1910 described lead poisoning in the lead smelting industries • 1918 reported on Hand Arm Vibrator Syndrome -HAVS in stone cutters • 1925, published “Industrial Poisons in the United States” • 1934, published “Industrial Toxicology”, later revised with Hardy •1943, published her autobiography: “Exploring the Dangerous Trades” |
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U.S. Workplace Regulations
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U.S. Workplace Regulations
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December 29, 1970, Occupational Safety and Health Act signed
into law by President Nixon. Created OSHA and NIOSH. - OSH Act: |
• December 29, 1970, Occupational Safety and Health Act signed
into law by President Nixon. Created OSHA and NIOSH. - OSH Act: •· assure safe and healthful workplace for every employee •· require employers to maintain records of exposure and inform workers of same •· provide for employee participation in inspections •· provide procedures for inspections, issuance of citations, and monetary penalties for violations •· empowered the Secretary of Labor to issue standards and regulations having the force of law •· provide for establishment of new rules and regulations •· establish an OS & H Review Commission •· establish NIOSH for R&D, development of OSH manpower, and recommendations for standards •· provide for 50/50 funding of state OSHAs •· the general duty clause |
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The General Duty Clause -OSHA
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The General Duty Clause -OSHA
Section Number 5a Section Title Duties (a) Each employer - 1. shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees; 2. shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. (b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct. |