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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is caused by an abnormal tissue known as neoplasms that grow by excessive cellular proliferation
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Cancer
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Are neoplasm that invades the surrounding and distant healthy tissues or organs interfering with function and causing death of the entire organism
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Carcinomas
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Primary tools in the fight against malignant diseases
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Surgery & Radiation
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Drugs used to treat cancer
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Antineoplastic drugs
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Main disadvantage of antineoplastic drugs
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They are often toxic to normal cells
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Classification of antineoplastic drugs
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1. Alkylating agents- attacks "alkyl groups" or organic side chains to the proteins within the cancer cell.
2. Antimetabolites- interferes with some phase of normal cellular metabolism. 3. Hormones- Antagonize certain tumors of the reproductive tract and accessory sex organ. 4. Antitumor antibiotics- acts by interfering with DNA or RNA synthesis. 5. Immunomodulating agents- enhance the body’s own defense mechanism to attack the cancer cells. 6. Enzyme inhibitors- interferes with tumor enzymes. 7. Molecular medicine and gene therapy- treat cancer at the cellular level |
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Alter chemical composition of proteins, probably the(nucleoproteins), of the cell.
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Alkylating agents
Note: All are highly toxic compounds & produce many unpleasant as well as dangerous side effects upon continued use. |
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Examples of alkylating agents
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mechlorethamine hcl (nitrogen mustard, Mustargen)
carboplatin (Paraplatin) cisplatin (Platinol-AQ) chlorambucil (Leukeran) busulfan (Myleran) cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) thiotepa (Thioplex) carmustine (BiCNU) dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome) lomustine (CCNU, CeeNU) melphalan (Alkeran) ifosfamide (Ifex) temozolomide (Temodar) |
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This alkylating agent is useful for lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, polycythemia vera, & mycosis fungoides.
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mechlorethamine hcl (nitrogen mustard, Mustargen)
Route(s): IV Note: Nitrogen is very irritating to the skin; thus extreme caution should be used when the drug is mixed. |
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Side effects of mechlorethamine hcl (nitrogen mustard, Mustargen)
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Nausea
Vomiting Diarrhea Bone marrow suppression Dermatitis |
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This agent is used only for the tx of ovarian & cervical cancer, small cell lung cancer, Wilm's tumor, & testicular neoplasms.
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carboplatin (Paraplatin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of carboplatin (Paraplatin)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Ototoxicity Liver toxicity |
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This agent is used in the tx of metastatic testicular tumors, in advanced ovarian & bladder cancers, & in a wide variety of other neoplasms.
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cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Ototoxicity Liver toxicity |
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This agent is primarily used in the tx of leukemias & malignancies of the lympathic system.
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chlorambucil (Leukeran)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of chlorambucil (Leukeran)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis |
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This agent is used primarily for malignancies of the blood-forming organs.
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busulfan (Myleran)
Route(s): Oral |
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This agent is used in leukemias when the pt has become resistant to other drugs. It has been useful in the tx of Hodgkin's disease, multiple myloma, & carcinomas of the reproductive tract & as an immunosuppressive agent.
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cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Route(s): Oral, IV, IM |
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Side effects of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis |
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This agent is used primarily in the tx of cancer of the reproductive tract, lymphomas, leukemias, & cancer of the bladder.
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thiotepa (Thioplex)
Route(s): IV, IM, Intraarterial |
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Side effects of thiotepa (Thioplex)
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Same as those within this group:
Bone marrow suppression Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis |
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This agent is used in the tx of malignant brain tumors & in combination with other agents for the tx of multiple myeloma & Hodgkin's disease.
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carmustine (BiCNU)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of the carmustine (BiCNU)
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Nausea
Vomiting Renal & Hepatic toxicity Skin rash |
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This agent is used in the tx of malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, soft tissue carcinomas, & neuroblastomas.
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dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Flulike syndrome of fever Myalgia Malaise |
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This agent is used in the tx of the GI tract & kidney.
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lomustine (CCNU, CeeNU)
Route(s): Oral, Topical |
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Side effects of lomustine (CCNU, CeeNU)
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Delayed bone marrow toxicity
Nausea, Vomiting Alopecia Liver and kidney toxicity |
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This agent is used in the tx of multiple myeloma & nonrescetable ovarian, amyloidosis, & polycythemia vera.
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melphalan (Alkeran)
Route(s): Oral, IV |
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Side effects of melphalan (Alkeran)
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Bone marrow toxicity
Nausea Vomiting Alopecia Liver & kidney toxicity |
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This agent is used in the tx of germ cell testicular neoplasms.
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ifosfamide (Ifex)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of ifosfamide (Ifex)
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Same as cyclophospamide:
Bone marrow suppression Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dermatitis |
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This agent is used in the tx of refractory astrocytoma in adults.
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temozolomide (Temodar)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of temozolomide (Temodar)
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Nausea
Vomiting Headache |
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Are group of antineoplastic drugs that act by interfering in a specific phase of cell metabolism.
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Antimetabolites
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Side effects of antimetabolites
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Severe bone marrow suppression
Loss of GI epithelium Ulcers of the oral mucosa |
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Examples of antimetabolite drugs
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methotrexate (Amethopterin)
mercaptopurine (Purinethol, 6-MP) fluorouracil (5-FU) cladribine (Leustatin) thiguanine capecitabine (Xeloda) cytarabine (Cytosar, DepoCyt) floxuridine (FUDR) dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome) fludarabine phosphate (Fludara) gemcitabine hcl (Gemzar) |
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This antimetabolite agent is a folic acid antagonist that exerts its action by interfering with the formation of the reduced , or active, form of folic acid in the body.
Useful in the tx of acute lymphocytic leukemias of childhood & leukemic meningitis. |
methotrexate (Amethopterin)
Route(s): Oral, IV, IM |
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This antimetabolite agent inhibits the synthesis of purines (components of DNA).
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mercaptopurine (Purinethol, 6-MP)
Route(s): Oral Tx: Acute lymphocytic leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, & other tumors of lymphatic system. |
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This antimetabolite agent is a chemical analog of uracil, a component of DNA that is used in the tx of carcinomas of the reproductive tract, liver, pancreas, & GI tract.
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fluorouracil (5-FU)
Route(s): IV, Topical Note: When incorporated into the DNA molecule, it interferes with normal growth & metabolism of the cell. |
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This antimetabolite agent is indicated for the tx of hairy cell leukemia.
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cladribine (Leustatin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of cladribine (Leustatin)
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Nephrotoxicity
Bone marrow suppression Nausea Vomiting Headache Edema |
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This antimetabolite agent is used to treat acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, & solid tumors.
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thioguanine
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of thioguanine
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Myelosuppression
Pancytopenia Hyperuricemia Nausea Vomiting Intestinal necrosis and perforations |
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This antimetabolite agent is used to treat metastatic breast cancer that is resistant to other agents.
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capecitabine (Xeloda)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of capecitabine (Xeloda)
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Nausea
Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Stomatitis Edema Paresthesias Hyperbilirubinemia |
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This antimetabolite agent is used primarily in the tx of acute myelocytic leukemia in adults, other adult & childhood leukemias, & lymphomatous meningitis.
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cytarabine (Cytosar, DepoCyt)
Route(s): IV, Intrathecal |
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Side effects of cytarabine (Cytosar, DepoCyt)
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Bone marrow & GI symptoms
Fever Rash Cellulitis Pain @ injection site Sore throat Conjuctivitis Alopecia |
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This antimetabolite agent act by interefing with the synthesis of DNA. Is used primarily for the tx of tumors of the head, neck, brain, liver, gallbladder, & bile ducts.
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floxuridine (FUDR)
Route(s): Intraarterial |
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Side effects of floxuridine (FUDR)
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Generally related to the area where the drug was infused and include:
Oral stomatitis Esophagopharyngitis Duodenal ulcer GI bleeding |
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This antimetabolite agent has many uses, including tx of melanoma & Hodgkin's disease.
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dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome)
Route(s): Intraarterial |
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This antimetabolite agent is used for the tx in chronic lymphocytic leukemia & non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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fludarabine phosphate (Fludara)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of fludarabine phosphate (Fludara)
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Neurotoxicity
Myelosuppression |
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This antimetabolite agent is use d for the tx of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas & lung & bladder cancer.
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gemcitabine hcl (Gemzar)
Route(s): IV Note: This agent should be given with caution to pt with renal & hepatic impairment. |
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Side effects of gemcitabine hcl (Gemzar)
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Hematologic toxicity
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Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
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Corticosteroids
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Side effects of excessive administration of corticosteroids
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Salt & water retention
Moon facies Edema Striae |
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This type of corticosteroids is used perhaps more than any other in treating malignancies.
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Prednisone
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Steroids responsible for feminine characteristics, may be administered to men with carcinoma of the prostate.
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Estrogens
Note: Also been found to be of value in the tx of postmenopausal women with breast cancer. This agent is only palliative not curative. |
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Substances causing masculinazation
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Androgens
Note: This agent is only palliative not curative. |
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Side effects of Endrogens & Androgens
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Virilization (masculinazation) when
andgrogens are given to a woman. Feminization when estrogens are given to a man. |
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Example of Androgens
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testolactone suspension (Teslac)
methyltestosterone (Android, Testred) |
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This analog testosterone is a hormone derivative & is used in the tx of malignancies & has been used as palliative therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma in premenopausal women when surgery is not feasible.
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testolactone suspension(Teslac)
Route(s): Oral, IM |
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Side effects of testolactone suspension (Teslac)
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Neurologic symptoms
Nausea Vomiting Alopecia |
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This agent is used to treat women with advanced & inoperable metastatic breast cancer.
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methyltestosterone (Android, Testred)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of methyltestosterone (Android, Testred)
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Virilization
Deepening of the voice Hirsutism Acne Clitoromegaly Amenorrhea |
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Examles of antiandrogens
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nilutamide (Nilandron)
flutamide (Eulexin) bicalutamide (Casodex) |
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This nonsteroidal orally active antiandrogen is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer.
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nilutamide (Nilandron)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of nilutamide (Nilandron)
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Hepatic impairment
Respiratory insufficiency Interstitial pneumonia |
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This agent is orally active antiandrogen used to treat metastatic cancer of the prostate.
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flutamide (Eulexin)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of flutamide (Eulexin)
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Gynecomastia
Impotence Drowsiness Anemia Edema |
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This antiandrogen agent is used in combination therapy for the tx of metastatic cancer.
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bicalutamide (Casodex)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of bicalutamide (Casodex)
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Hepatic impairment
Back pain Headache Flulike symptoms Anorexia Vomiting |
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Examples of estrogens
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megestrol acetate (Megace)
estramustine phosphate sodium (Emcyt) |
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This agent is chemically related to progesterone, is used in the tx of endometrial carcinoma, breast cancer, endometriosis, & prostatic hypertrophy.
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megestrol acetate (Megace)
Route(s): Oral |
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This estrogen agent, a combination of 17-beta-estradiol & nornitrogen mustard is used for the tx of metastatic prostate cancer
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estramustine phosphate sodium (Emcyt)
Route(s): Oral Note: Absorption is significantly decreased when it it given with dairy products or other calcium-rich foods. |
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Side effects of estramustine phosphate sodium (Emcyt)
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Angiodema
Thromboembolic disorders Caridovascular & hepatic effects |
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Example of antiestrogen agent
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fulvestrant (Faslodex, (IM)
This antiestrogen agent is used to treat metastatic breast cancer in women who have had a recurrence following tamoxifen therapy. |
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Side effects of fulvestrant (Faslodex)
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Hematologic disorders
GI effects of nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain |
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A group within the antiestrogens that exert selective agonist or antagonist effects on various estrogen target tissues.
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Because of their estrogen receptor-activating properties, they can be used to prevent or treat OSTEOPOROSIS. Because of their estrogen receptor-blocking properties, they can be used to prevent or treat breast cancer. |
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Two major limitations of SERMs
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They are only weak estrogen agonists
They aggravate hot flashes |
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Side effects of SERMs
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Nausea
Vomiting Headache Hot flashes Constipation Abdominal pain |
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Examples of SERMs
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tamoxifen citrate (Nolvadex)
toremifene citrate (Fareston) |
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This SERMs agent competes with estradiol for receptor sites in tumors of the breast, uterus, & vagina
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tamoxifen citrate (Nolvadex)
Route(s): Oral Note: Its primary use is in the tx of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. |
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This SERMs agent is indicated for the tx of metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women
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toremifene citrate (Fareston)
Route(s): Oral Note: This should not be used in pt with a history of thromboembolic disease. |
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Side effects of toremifene citrate (Fareston)
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Hypercalcemia
Leukopenia Vaginal bleeding |
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An enzyme that converts a naturally occuring adrenal hormone to additional estrone.
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Aromatase
Note: Aromatase inhibitors - interfere with this process. Are used to treat advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. |
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Example of Aromatase inhibitors
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anastrozole (Arimidex)
exemestane (Aromasin) letrozole (Femara) Note: All are given orally. |
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Examples of Pituitary Hormones Inhibitors
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goserelin acetate (Zoladex)
leuprolide acetate (Lupron) triptorelin pamoate (Trelstar) |
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This pituitary hormones inhibitor is used for the tx of prostate & breast cancer, endometriosis, & dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
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goserelin acetate (Zoladex)
Route(s): Subcutaneous implant |
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Side effects of goserelin acetate (Zoladex)
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Hot flashes
Sexual dysfunction Headache Blood pressure Instability Rash Dizziness |
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This pituitary hormones inhibitor is similar in terms of its uses & side effects to those of goserelin acetate, but in addition it is used to treat precocious puberty.
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leuprolide acetate (Lupron)
Route(S): IM or subQ |
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This pituitary hormones inhibitor is similar in terms of its uses & side effects to the other drugs in this category. It is used in the palliative tx of prostate cancer.
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triptorelin pamoate (Trelstar)
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Examples of Antitumor antibiotic
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dactinomycin (Actinomycin D, Cosmegen)
bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane) mitoxantrone hcl (Novantrone) doxorubicin hcl (Adriamycin, Rubex, Doxil) valrubicin (Valstar) mithramycin (Mithracin) mitomycin (Mutamycin) daunorubicin hcl (Cerubidine, Daunoxome) idarubicin hcl (Idamycin) pentostatin (Nipent) streptozocin (Zanosar) epirubicin hcl (Ellence) |
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This antitumor antibiotic exerts its effect as an antineoplastic agent by interfering with RNA systhesis.It is used in the tx of Wilm's tumor of the kidney & for control metastases of this tumor.
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dactinomycin (Actinomycin D, Cosmegen)
Route(s): IV Addt'l uses in the tx of: Metastatic tumor of the testes Choriocarcinoma Certain lymphomas |
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Side effects of dactinomycin (Actinomycin D, Cosmegen)
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Bone marrow suppression
Liver and kidney toxicity Nausea, Vomiting Oral stomatitis Anorexia Skin eruptions |
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The antibiotic action of this antitumor agent appears to occur by causing a splitting of the DNA chain.
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bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane)
Route(s): IV, IM, subQ, Intrarterial, Intrapleural injection) Tx of: Hodgkin's disease Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, penis, vulva, head, neck, & larynx. |
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Side effects of bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane)
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Interstitial pneuminitis
Skin or mucocutaneous lesions Alopecia Fever Chills Hypotension |
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This antitumor antibiotic is used to treat acute nonlymphocytic leukemia & advanced prostate cancer.
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mitoxantrone hcl (Novantrone)
Route(s): IV only |
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Side effects of mitoxantrone hcl (Novantrone)
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Bone marrow suppression
Cardiac toxicity Nausea, Vomiting Fatigue Hemorrhage |
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This antitumor antibiotic, produced by a strain of Streptomyces is used in the tx of solid tumors of the breast, ovaries, bladder, lung, thyroid gland, & bone.
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doxorubicin hcl (Adriamycin, Rubex, Doxil)
Route(s): IV Also useful in the tx of: Neuroblastoma Wilms' tumor Hodgkin's disease Ewing's sarcoma Squamous cell tumors of the head, neck, cervix, & vagina Carcinomas of the testes, prostate & uterus |
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Side effects of doxorubicin hcl (Adriamycin, Rubex, Doxil)
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The major side effects are found in bone marrow & GI tract.
Addt'l side effects: Facial flushing Edema Alopecia Fever Chills Skin rashes |
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This agent is a semisynthetic of doxorubicin. It is used for instillation into the urinary bladder for carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
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valrubicin (Valstar)
Route(s): Intravesical |
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Side effects of valrubicin (Valstar)
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Bladder spasm
Hematuria Incontinence Pelvic pain Vomiting Diarrhea Peripheral edema |
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This antitumor antibiotic agent, also produced by a strain of Streptomyces is used in the tx of testicular tumors.
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mithramycin (Mithracin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of mithramycin (Mithracin)
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Primary side effects are found in the bone marrow and intestinal tract.
Other side effects: Facial flushing Malaise Depression Phlebitis Skin rashes |
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This antitumor antibiotic is used in the tx of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, pancreas, colon, & rectum; squamous cell carcinomas of lungs, cervix, head, & neck; and malignang melanoma
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mitomycin (Mutamycin)
Route(s): IV |
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This antitumor antibiotic agent inhibits DNA synthesis and is used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia.
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daunorubicin hcl (Cerubidine, Daunoxome)
Route(s): IV Note: Also used for tx of lymphocytic leukemia & disseminated neuroblastoma. |
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This antitumor antibiotic agent inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and is used for the tx of acute myeloid leukemia in adults.
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idarubicin hcl (Idamycin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of idarubicin hcl (Idamycin)
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Tissue necrosis
Myocardial toxicity Nausea Vomiting Peripheral neuropathy |
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This antitumor antibiotic is for the tx of hairy cell leukemia.
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pentostatin (Nipent)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of pentostatin (Nipent)
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Toxicities in:
Renal Liver Pulmonary CNS |
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This antitumor antibiotic is produced by Streptomyces achromogenes and is used to treat pancreatic islet cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, Hodgkin's disease, & colorectal cancer.
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streptozocin (Zanosar)
Route(s): IV or Intraarterial |
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Side effects of streptozocin (Zanosar)
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Nephrotoxicity
Nausea Vomiting Bone marrow suppression Tissue necrosis Confusion Depression |
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This antitumor antibiotic is related to doxorubicin and is used for the tx of breast cancer.
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epirubicin hcl (Ellence)
Route(s): IV Side effect: Is similar to those of its parent compound. |
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Examples of enzyme inhibitors
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asparaginase (Elspar)
imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) irinotecan hcl (Camptosar) pegaspargase (Oncaspar) |
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This enzyme inhibitor, derived from E. coli i, is used in combination chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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asparaginase (Elspar)
Route(s): IM or IV Note: Can be used in adult as well. |
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Side effects of asparaginase (Elspar)
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Skin rashes
Hepatic, Renal and Hematologic effects |
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A inhibitor of tyrosine kinase is used in the tx of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
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Neutropenia
Liver toxicity Fluid retention |
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A DNA topoisomerase, is used in the tx of GI, cervical, & lung cancer.
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irinotecan hcl (Camptosar)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of irinotecan hcl (Camptosar)
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Neutropenia
Diaarhea Fever Cardiovascular toxicity |
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A conjugated asparaginase, this agent is used in the tx of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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pegaspargase (Oncaspar)
Route(s): IM |
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Side effects of pegaspargase (Oncaspar)
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Hypotension
Cough Epistaxis Malaise Nausea Vomiting |
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A new form of cancer treatment has been introduced with the current development of interferons via Recombitant DNA technique
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Immunomodulating Agents
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Examples of Immunomodulating agents
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interferon alfa (Roferon-A, Alferon N, Rebetron)
levamisole hcl (Ergamisol) aldesleukin (Proleukin) |
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An immunomodulating agent that has growth inhibiting effect on normal and malignant cells.
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interferon alfa (Roferon-A, Alferon N, Rebetron)
Route(s): subQ or IM |
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Two types of interferon alfa
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interferon alfa 2-A and 2-B
Note: Are used in the tx of hairy leukemia; Kaposi’s sarcoma; renal cell carcinoma; Bladder cervical and ovarian cancer. |
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Side effects of interferon alfa (Roferon-A, Alferon N, Rebetron)
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Flulike syndrome
Myalgia Arthralgia Anorexia Mental disturbances Elevated liver enzymes Skin rashes |
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This immunomodulating agent is used for the tx of advanced colon cancer.
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levamisole hcl (Ergamisol)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of levamisole hcl (Ergamisol)
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Encephalopathy
Peripheral neuropathy Seizures Confusion Coma |
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This human recombinant interleukin is used for the tx of adults with metastatic renal cell carcinoma & metastatic melanoma.
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aldesleukin (Proleukin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of aldesleukin (Proleukin)
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Ventricular tachycardia
Cardiac tamponade Renal failure Toxic psychosis GI bleeding |
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Other miscellaneous cancer treatment agents
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vincristine sulfate (Oncovin)
vinblastine sulfate (Velban) procarbazine hcl (Matulane) hydroxyurea (Hydrea) azathioprine (Imuran) mitotane (Lysodren) |
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This misc. agent acts by interfering with normal cellular division and is used in the tx of acute leukemias.
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vincristine sulfate (Oncovin)
Route(s): IV |
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Side effects of vincristine sulfate (Oncovin)
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Bone marrow suppression
Neurologic symptoms Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain |
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This misc. agent also acts by interfering with normal cellular division and is used in the tx of Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma & choriocarcinoma.
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vinblastine sulfate (Velban)
Route(s): IV Side effects: Similar to vincristine |
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This misc. agent is effective in the tx of Hodgkin's disease.
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procarbazine hcl (Matulane)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of procarbazine hcl (Matulane)
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Leukopenia
Nausea Vomiting Muscle and joint pain Neurologic symptoms |
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This misc. agent, a derivative of urea, acts by interfering in the formation of DNA. It is used in the tx of malignant melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, & chronic granulocytic leukemia.
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hydroxyurea (Hydrea)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of hydroxyurea (Hydrea)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Ulceration of the bucal mucosa & GI epithelium Neurologic symptoms Alopecia Dermatoses |
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This misc. agent inhibit RNA & DNA synthesis. It is used to prevent the rejection of kidney transplant.
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azathioprine (Imuran)
Route(Oral) |
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Side effects of azathioprine (Imuran)
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Bone marrow suppression
Nausea Vomiting Jaundice Mucous membrane ulcers |
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This misc. agent is used to suppress the adrenal cortex & alter the utilization of steroids. It is used in the tx of adrenocortical carcinoma.
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mitotane (Lysodren)
Route(s): Oral |
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Side effects of mitotane (Lysodren)
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GI disturbance
Somnolence Dizziness Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea |
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Supportive agent
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epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
Note: It is used for the tx of chronic anemia. Also used to treat anemia associated with chronic renal failure, hemodialysis. Also high potential for abuse by athletes to increase the oxygen-carrying ability of cells. |
