Immuno Ch1 Kuby

Individuals that had recovered from certain infectious diseases were thereafter protected from the disease

Exposure to safe forms of an infectious agent can result in future acquired immunity to the real infectious agent

Thucydides describing a plague in Athens where only those recovered from the plague could treat the sick

The Chinese and the Turks in the 15th century using variolation to control smallpox.

Inoculating a child from the less dangerous cowpox against smallpox

It means weakened and it was by Louis Pasteur.

Louis Pastuer

The concept that if a critical mass of people acquire protection from an infectious agent then they can serve as a buffer for the rest. This works by decreasing the amount of individuals who can harbour and spread an infectious agent thus reducing the chances that susceptible individuals will become infected.

Once eradicated the vaccine will no longer be needed meaning future generations are susceptible if the disease re-emerges.

The virus has a high base mutation rate.

The soluble component of the immune system. Antibodies.

The antibody containing serum fraction from a pathogen exposed individual.

Passive immunity is immunity granted to an individual which they did not produce themselves. Antiserum against snake bites.

Active immunity is immunity produced by the individual. The use of a vaccine to induce immunity.

Immunity carried out cellular activity such as phagocytosis.

T-Lynphocytes are produced in the thymus. They carry out cell mediated responses such as directly attacking pathogens.

B lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow. They produce anti-bodies and confer the humoral immunity response.

The humoral immune response involves combatting pathogens via antibodies which are produced in the B-cells. Whereas, the cell-mediated response involves T-cells directly attacking pathogens and aiding other cells.

That an antigen (pathogen) specific to a cell bound receptor combine specifically to each other.

One kind.

The theory that underpins modern immunology. It states that B-cells and T-Cells express many copies of a single unique receptor. Binding of an antigen generates proliferation of the cell with the same receptor.

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Organisms and the process by which they cause disease is called pathogenesis.

Yes. Some areas of the body are essentially “off limits” to immune responses, such as the central nervous system. This is because the immune response could do more damage than the pathogen.

It refers to the process where pathogen recognition (cell surface bound, secreted, or soluble antigen receptors) initiates a cascade of events that leads to the labelling and destruction of a pathogen.

These are the cell killers.

Within the cell, positioned on the cell membrane or as soluble molecules, recognition molecules identify the virus. This is then communicated to the outside of the cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes initiate cellular destruction.

T-helper cells. These guide the behaviour of other immune cells and this their destruction significantly weakens the immune systems

Yes, a viral infection will trigger the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to sacrifice the infected cell. Whereas, extra cellular infection can trigger the B cell response and secretion of antibodies.

PAMP’s are common molecular structures that characterise whole groups of pathogens. These are antigenic structures. An example is the sugar coating of bacterial cells.

These are highly conserved receptors encoded in DNA that fill the role of recognising common PAMPs. They are the backbone of the innate immune response.

It is a process only employed by developing B and T cells. It is the rearranging and editing of genomic DNA in favour of randomly generating antigen receptors that can recognise a new or mutated threat.

It is the mechanism by which the immune system recognises self and non-self.

It is the mechanism by which the immune system recognises self and non-self.

This is done in the main organs (thymus and bone marrow) shortly after the randomly generated antigen receptors are established. They are tested for self harm capacity and destroyed or inhibited if the demonstrate this capacity.

It postulates that the immune system is not activated during ‘good’ cell death but only when cell death is accompanied by danger or damage associated signals (alarmins).

Two: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

It includes the built in cellular and molecular mechanism that are evolutionarily primitive and aimed at preventing infection or quickly eliminating common invaders. This includes physical and chemical barriers to infection as well as PRRs. It also includes complement. It is faster than adaptive immunity.

The arm of the immune system that relies on T and B-lymphocytes. It is slower but far more specific than innate immunity. It relies on the randomly generated antigen receptors and clinal proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.

It provides a second, more comprehensive, line of defence informed by the struggle a of the innate system. They are intrinsically intertwined.

The innate response time remains the same while the adaptive response becomes more rapid and effective.