Imp Group 6-10

Materials that are utilize in high technology

Examples of advanced materials

3 Types of Advanced Materials

Have electrical property that are intemediate between the electrical conductor and insulator

Are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts

2 Types of materials in the future

Are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies

These materials often have unique optical, electronic or mechanical properties

4 Main groups of smart materials

In 1893 he smelted chromium ore and carbon in an electric furnace and produced ferrochromium.

Chromium metal was produced by ____ in 1854.

- is a shiny, brittle metal that is used to produce strong, corrosion and heat resistant alloys, permanent magnets and hard metals.

Characteristics of Cobalt

- is an integral part of vitamin B12, cobalamin, which supports red blood cell production and the formation of myelin nerve coverings.

Cobalt came from the Greek term

-was used to describe cobalt ores that, while being smelted for their silver content, gave off poisonous arsenic trioxide.

- became the first named person in history to discover a new metal when he deduced that the color of a blue pigment used in glass making came from a previously unidentified metal – cobalt.

Nearly all cobalt is found associated with

The extraction technique used to produced refined cobalt metal depends on whether the feed material is in the form of

Creating aluminum using electricity was first developed

How aluminum is produced?

1st Aluminum extraction

1808

Bauxite Discovery

-Precious Aluminu

-1st Aluminum Smelter in Russia

Hall-Hėroult Process

-Aluminum Cookware

-Aluminum in Shipbuilding

Founding of RUSAL

China produces 3rd global output of aluminum

-Apple iPhone

-Historic maximum aluminium prices

Aluminium MacBook

MacBook

1st Aluminum off-road vehicle

vehicle

-50 million tonnes of aluminum produce

produce

-Apple Watch

a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79.(Aurora was goddess of dawn or the morning glow.) In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.

The atomic mass of the gold atom is ___ and the atomic radius is____

most malleable and ductile of all the elements; easiest of the metals to work, can be drawn into wire, can be hammered into thin sheets, can be melted and cast into highly detailed shapes.

-Does not tarnish and excellent conductor of heat and electricity.considered to be non-toxic and demonstrates excellent biocompatibility within the human body and possesses a high degree of resistance bacterial colonization -Has resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions

-unaffected by air, water, alkalis and all acids except aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) which can dissolve gold-alloys with many other metals to give it more strength.

describes the amount gold present

The most useful metal

The ancient Aztecs believed gold was in fact

is the most common way gold reaches consumers, and has been a primary use for the metal in various cultures.

- Because gold is highly valued and in very limited supply, it has long been used as a medium of exchange or money. It is used as a financial backing for currency was most often held in the form of gold bars, also known as "gold bullion."

- The most important industrial use of gold is in the manufacture of electronics.

A type of photovoltaic cells that uses organic materials rather than semiconductors in converting light into electricity

A type of light emitting diode that uses organic materials rather than semiconductors in emitting light in response to electric current

Catalytic device made at a nano scale to increase catalytic activity due to greater amount of reaction that can take place simultaneously.

Alteration of optical properties using nanoengineering

Alteration of mechanical properties using nano engineering

Alteration of electrical properties using nanoengineering

Non viable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems

Types of bio materials

Physical Requirements

*Must not react with any tissue in the body

*must be non toxic to the body

*long term replacement must not be biodegradable

A surgical procedure performed to redirect blood flow from one area to another by reconnecting blood vessels

Materials are made of titanium, chromium cobalt

Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics and natural valves

Tissue growth facilitated by polar oxygen containing groups

Biodegradable

Polymer result of condensation of lactic acid and glycolyic acid

Small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth.

A silvery white metal

The 13th element in periodic table

Most widespread metal on earth, making up more than 8% of the earth's core mass

It's also the most common chemical element on our planet after oxygen and silicon

Davy originally called aluminum as

- Gold is used in many places in the standard desktop or laptop computer.

Gold makes for the best fillings, crowns, bridges and orthodontic appliances because the metal is chemically inert, easy to insert and non-allergenic.

-Gold is used as a drug to treat a small number of medical conditions.

- In the aerospace industry where reliable and effective technologies are key to survival, gold plays an essential role.

- As a highly esteemed precious metal, gold makes a natural appearance in crowns, awards and religious statues.

- Gold has many uses in the production of glass.

- Gold can be beaten into thin sheets, only a few millionths of an inch thick. These sheets, known as gold leaf.

HOW IS GOLD PRODUCED?

- is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth

- is the process of using open pit or underground mining tunnels to retrieve the gold from the rock.

- finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground

- extracts gold from a placer deposit using a pan.

- The water washes down fine gravel containing gold so that it can be directed into sluice boxes and recovered using gravity separation.

is used for cradling

- It sucks up streambed material and passes it up through a suction hose, and runs it across a recovery system floating at the surface.

-It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. -It has the second highest electrical and thermal conductivity among pure metals.

-The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass.- does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide.

- can often be seen on old copper structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings and the Statue of Liberty

Copper occurs naturally as

The history of copper uses dates to 9000 BC

a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to

a man dated from 3300-3200BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure

Types of Copper Deposits

is one of the most likely places to find native copper

Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyr copper deposits that contain

Copper can also be recovered through the

No. 1 country to produce copper in 2015

The largest copper mine is found in

Other major mines are found in

Large copper deposits are also found in

more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since

The total amount of copper on Earth is around _____in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction.

-It is the third most recycled metal

An estimated __of all copper ever mined is still in use todayProcess

Copper Process

Uses of copper

-Heart of an aluminium smelter and it looks very different from the production shops in your typical steel works that make cast iron or steel.

-Molten aluminum is transported in buckets to the cast house of the smelter.-The resultant pure aluminum is cast into special molds where it is allowed to solidify.-In the cast house, not only is aluminum given the required shape but also the required chemical composition. The thing is that pure aluminum is used far less than aluminum alloys.

-One important property of aluminum is that it preserves its properties after processing, which means aluminum products can be recycled into new products. This helps preserve the colossal amount of energy that has to be used to produce primary aluminum.

-The International Institute of Aluminum estimates that since 1880 almost a billion tonnes of aluminum has been produced around the world with three fourths of this amount still being used today.

Physical properties

Mechanical properties

World aluminium demand per year

Applications of aluminum

the resistance of materials to breaking under tension.Modulus of Elasticity – ability of material to resume its normal shape after being stretch

– ability of material to resume its normal shape after being stretch

- cut sheet metal in blanking, punching, and other cutting operations . In machining, the material is removed by the mechanism of shear deformation.

- resistance to permanent indentation.

-Transverse contraction in longitudinal extension strain in the direction of the stretching force

Cadmium makes up about_____ of earth's crust

The only cadmium mineral importance is nearly always associated with

Cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from

About 10% of consumption are produced from secondary sources mainly from ____ generated by ___ and ___

also known as electrolysis processit is a technique involving the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials

4 general areas of hydrometallurgical process

-a branch of extractive metallurgyit consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals

Categories of our I metallurgical process

is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

It is the first element in group 6.

- It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.

- is a fairly active metal.

-It does not react with water, but reacts with acids.

The name of chromium comes from the greek word ____ meaning color

leading producer of chromite ore is

found an orange-red mineral in the Beryozovskoye mines in the Ural Mountains which he named Siberian red lead.

Chromium was discovered in 1780 by French chemist named Nicolas Louis Vauquelin in Paris. He discovered the element in a mineral sample of ‘Siberian red lead’- now known as crocoite (lead chromate).

‘Siberian red lead’- now known as

Vauquelin succeeded in isolating the metal.

Initially he removed the lead from the mineral sample by precipitation with hydrochloric acid.

then obtained the oxide by evaporation and finally isolated chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven.

chromium was primarily used as a component of paints and in tanning salts.

Chromium metal was produced by electrolysis in

The high heat resistivity and high melting point makes chromium a material for high temperature refractory applications.

Chromium is used in the tanning of leather. Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather.

Are materials that change color due to different external stimuli

Chance reversibly color with changes in light intensity

Chance reversibly color with changes in temperature

Are materials that change the light in some sense, due to some external stimuli

Produce a brilliant light of different, color when stimulated electronically

Produce visible or invisible light as a result of incident light of a shorter wavelength

Produce visible or invisible light as a result of incident light of a shorter wavelength, detectable only after the source of the excitement has been removed

Are materials that in some sense move when exposed to some special external source

Are conjugated polymer, through which can move from one end of the polymer to another

Exhibit a mechanical strain when subjected to an electric field

Produced an electric when exposed to a change in dimension caused by an imposed mechanical force

Consist of a cross linked polymer network inflated with a solvent such as water

Are metals that after being strained at a certain temperature revert back to their original shape

Are materials that change temperature in someway when exposed to some sort of external source

Are special type of semiconductors that when, coupled function as a "heat pump"

Material that are researched through advanced material science called nanotechnology

3 main groups of nanoengineered materials

Nanoengineering made through natural process

Are class of allotropes of carbon which which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres.

Are nanoengineered materials often made for its interesting optical and electrical properties

Crystalline particles made at a nano scale

Are very small semiconductor particle which most type emit light of specific frequencies if electricity or light is applied to them

the silicothermic process for producing low-carbon ferrochromium was developed in

In 1898 a German chemist, produced pure chromium by the aluminothermic reduction of chromium oxide.

Because of their toxicity, chromium are used for the preservation of wood.

The mineral crocoite was used as a yellow pigment shortly after its discovery, chrome yellow was one of the most used yellow pigments. Chromium are also used as a green color in glassmaking and as a glaze in ceramics. Green chromium oxide is extremely light-fast.

Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating), often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object. The chromed layer can be decorative, provide corrosion resistance, ease cleaning procedures, or increase surface hardness.

Chromium is what hardens and toughens steel and increases its resistance to corrosion, especially at high temperatures.

Uses of chromium

is also known for its luster when polished. It is used as a protective and decorative coating on car parts, plumbing fixtures, furniture parts and many other items, usually applied by electroplating.

process for producing low-carbon ferrochromium and was developed in 1907.