Intro Fashion Industry Final

style or styles of clothing and accessories worn at a particular time by a particular group of people

those engaged in manufacturing the materials and finished products used in the production of apparel and accessories for men, women, and children

all the industries and services connected with fashion: design, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retailing, advertising, communications, publishing, and consulting

process includes diverse activities and promote products effectively so that they will sell easily

the planning required to have the right fashion-oriented merchandise at the right time, in the right place, in the right quantities, at the right prices, and with the right sales promotion for a specific targeted customer

the characteristic or distinctive appearance of a garment- the combination of features that makes it unique and different from other garments

A new style accepted by a limited number of fashion leaders who want to be the first to adopt changes and innovation in fashion.

styles that are widely accepted

a particular or individual interpretation, version, or treatment of a style

identifies a product for manufacturing, ordering, and selling purposes

a prevailing opinion of what is and what is not attractive and appropriate for a given occasion

a style or design that satisfies a basic need and remains in general fashion acceptance for an extended period of time

a fashion that suddenly sweeps into popularity, affecting a limited part of the total population, and then quickly disappears

a general direction or movement

overall outline or contour

individual elements that give a silhouette its form or shape

the look and feel of material, woven, knit, or nonwoven

the rise, wide popularity, and then decline of a style

Introduction, Rise, Culmination, Decline, Obsolescence

Next new fashion that may be introduced by a producer in the form of a new style, color, or texture; higher priced merhcandise; small quantities

new original design (or its adaptations) is accepted by an increasing number of customers`

during the rise stage of a new original design, many retailers offer line-for-line copies; look exactly like the original except that they have been mass-produced in less expensive fabrics

designs that have all the dominant features of the style that inspire them but do not claim to be exact copies

the period when a fashion is at the height of its popularity and use

fashion is in such demand that it can be mass-produced, mass distributed, and sold at prices within the range of most customers

boredom with a fashion sets in, a decrease in consumer demand for that fashion

strong distaste for a style has set in and it can no longer be sold at any price

retail strategy of keeping fashion fresh, as if it were a perishable good

take more seasons to complete their cycles than what might be considered average

take fewer seasons than average

Group Acceptance, change, social class, lifestyle

1) Consumers establish fashions by accepting or rejecting the styles offered.
2) Fashions are not based on price.
3) Fashions are evolutionary, they are rarely revolutionary.
4) No amount of sales promotion can change the direction in which fashions are moving.
5) All fashions end in excess.

the conditions under which we live

1) Market segmentation by geographics, demographics, psychographics, and behavior.
2) The degree of economic development and well being of a country or society.
3) The sociological characteristics of the class structure.
4) The psychological attitudes of consumers.

specific groups of potential customers that a business is attempting to turn into regular customers

the separation of the total consumer market into smaller groups

population studies that focus on where people live

population studies that divide broad groups of customers into smaller, more homogeneous market segments

Studies that develop fuller, more personal portraits of potential customers and their lifestyles

groups each US household into one of 66 segments based on zip code, demographics, consumer behavior, shopping habits, media preference, socioeconomic rank, and urbanization (what people buy not why)

sorts customers into 8 major categories based on psychological attributes

total or gross income received by the population as a whole

The amount a person has left to spend or save after paying taxes

the money that an individual or family can spend or save after buying necessities-food, clothing, shelter, and basic transportation

what will something buy

an increase in available money and credit, with relative scarcity of goods, resulting in a significant rise in prices

a low point in the business cycle

leisure time, ethnic influence, status of women, social and physical mobility, instant communications, and wars, disasters, and crises

boredom, curiosity, reaction to convention, need for self assurance, desire for companionship

1) Widespread buying power
2) Leisure time
3) Increased education
4) Improved status of women
5) Technological advances
6) Sales promotion
7) Seasonal change

interesting new styles that are still in the introduction phase of their fashion cycle

a style must first be adopted by the people at the top of the social pyramid, gradually wins acceptance at progressively lower social levels

fashions move horizontally between groups on similar social levels rather than vertically from one level to another

a person who is quicker than his or her associates to try out a new style

a person whose advice is sought by associates

the young are quicker than any social group to create or adopt new and different fashions

net income, the amount of money a business earns in excess of its expenses

Primary, Secondary, Retail, Auxiliary

composed of the growers and producers of the raw materials of fashion

composed of industries-manufacturers and contractors- that produce the semifinished or finished fashion goods

the ultimate distribution level, different types of retailers who buy their goods from the secondary level and then supply them directly to the consumer

functions with all other levels simultaneously, composed of all the support services that are working constantly with primary producers, secondary manufacturers, and retailers to keep consumers aware of the fashion merchandise produced for ultimate consumption

expands capabilities on the level on which it has been performing successfully

Expands its capabilities on levels other than its primary function

a sale of one company to another company occurs, with the purchasing company usually remaining dominant

the addition of various lines, products, or services to serve different markets

the contract that gives an individual (or group of people) the right to own a business while benefitting from the expertise and reputation of an established firm

a legal arrangement whereby firms are given permission to produce and market merchandise in the name of the licensor for a specific period of time

responsible for the full range of decisions of a fashion house as well as for establishing the image and creating designs for the company

work for manufacturers and adapt the designs of others, typically of name designers

sell sketches of their original designs or adaptations to manufacturers

group of designers and firms produces innovative apparel that is very expensive

group bridges the price range between custom designs and high-quality but less expensive merchandise

price range is just below that of the bridge lines

sometimes produces originals but usually turns out adaptations of styles that have survived the introduction stage and are in the rise stage of their fashion life cycle

makes no attempt to offer new or unusual styling; mass-produce close copies or adaptations of styles that have proved their acceptance in high priced markets

an assortment of new designs with a designated period for delivery to the retailer

feature newly introduced styles that have only limited production and distribution (Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom)

Fashions that have captured customer interest in their introduction stage and are in the late rise or early culmination stage of their life cycles (Macy's and Dillard's)

widely accepted fashions that are well into culmination phase of their life cycles (JC Penney, Sears, Kohl's)

low end of mass market (Walmart, Kmart, Target); any retail operation that sells goods at less than full retail prices

an extremely fine strand that is the smallest element of a fabric

fibers that are spun or twisted into continuous threads

yarns that are knitted, woven, or bonded

fibers found in nature, come from plant or animal sources

made in a chemists' laboratory

cotton, wool, silk, flax (linen)

most widely used of all the natural fibers, the substance attached to the seed of a cotton plant

fiber that forms the coat of a sheep

from the cocoon formed by a silkworm

used to make linen, comes from the stem of a flax plant

comes from a woody-leafed Asian plant grown mostly in China; linen like fabric suitable for warm-weather apparel, ramie is also inexpensive

a fibrous plant with an interesting history United States; illegal to grow hemp under federal law in the US

fibers of continuous, indefinite lengths are produced by forcing the liquid through the tiny holes of a mechanical device

Cellulose, the same fibrous substance found int he natural fibers of plants is used to manufacture this

petroleum, natural gas, air, and water are used

molecules linked into long chains

nontrademarked names

fiber producers modify the composition to produce a new fiber

trademarks

a fiber that is two or three times smaller than a human hair-smaller than wool, cotton, or silk fibers

trademarks used under licensing agreements

any material that is made by weaving, knitting, braiding, knotting, laminating, felting, or chemical bonding

unfinished fabrics

buy greige goods form the mils, have the goods processed to order by the finishing plants, and then sell the finished goods to the garment makers

purchase and process skins and hides and sell the leather as their finished product

process the hides and skins to the specifications of other firms (mainly converters) but are not involved in the final sale of the leather

buy the hides and skins from the meatpackers, commission the tanning to the contract tanneries, and then sell the finished leather

an environmental program that encourages landowners to preserve alligator eggs and habitats in return for the right to use a percentage of the grown animals

those that weigh fifteen pounds or less when shipped to the tannery

weighing from fifteen to twenty five pounds

weighing more than twenty five pounds

the skin of a fur-bearing animal

situated in the store but run by an independent merchant who pays a percentage of sales to the store as rent

a fur manufacturer supplies merchandise to a retail store which has the option of returning unsold items

teaming of market and trend research with the merchandising , design, and technical processes that develop a final product

describes in expensive line in the US or Europe

lines are divided into groups of garments, linked by a common theme like color, fabric, or style

one who performs all the operations required to produce apparel, form buying the fabric to selling and shipping the finished garments

handles the designing, the planning, the purchasing, usually the cutting, the selling, and the shipping but not the actual sewing operation

a producer whose sole function is to supply sewing services to the industry

when each operator only sews a certain section of the garment, such as a sleeve or hem

merchandisers are responsible for developing new lines. merchandisers plan the overall fashion direction for the coming season and direct a design staff about the kinds of garments to be designed

the designer is also the owner, the designer may design all or part of a line, using other designers to fill out the line

all the activities in the product development process may be done by the owner, with one or more assistants

garment is sewn by a designer's assistant, who is also a seamstress

using computers to draw designs

manufacturers set minimum orders for the quantity, number of styles, and/dollar amount required to accept the retail buyer's order

garment is sloped to each of the various sizes in which it will be made

pieces of garment are laid out on a long piece of paper

carries the material along a guide on either side of the cutting table, spreading the material evenly from end to end

pieces of each pattern are tied into bundles according to their sizes; must be done by hand

one operator sews the entire garment

teams of seven to nine workers produce entire garments, passing hem on to each other until the garment is complete

bar coded price tickets attached, Cartons labeled and shipping documents attached

quality assurance, refers to the product meeting the standards established for it, includes the inspection of each ingredient of the garment: fabric, thread, buttons, snaps or zippers, hem tape, linings, shoulder pads....

those that are owned by a manufacturer who advertises them nationally

one that is owned by a retailer and found only in its stores

name of a chain that is used as the exclusive label on most of the items in the store or catalog

the use of a company's name on related merchandise, is the fastest growing segment of licensing today

a type of purchasing that is done to the store's rather than the manufacturer's standards

trained in specification buying

the manufacturing of goods abroad where labor is cheaper; reduce costs and therefore compete more effectively with low-cost imports

companies purchase a manufacturer's accounts receivable or advance cash on the basis of the accounts receivable; interest rates are generally higher than those of a bank

financial penalties imposed on manufacturing by retailers

strategic system that links information within a manufacturing company to increase efficiency and manage the life of a product

tailer the product to fit one particular customer not one size fits all and to supply thousands of individuals at mass prices not custom-made prices

a company uses a successful brand name to launch new or modified products

fitted to the individual who would wear them and then sewn by hand

clothes produced in factories to standardized measurements

International Ladies Garment Workers Union was formed in 1900 to improve working conditions and remained the major garment industry union for many years

Needletrade, Industrial, and Textile Employees; 1995 merged with ILGWU, represented the majority of workers in basic apparel and textiles, as well as millinery, shoes, gloves

opinions of specific products or services and the actual rate of use of these products or services

the total or gross income received by the population as a whole

divide personal income by the number of people in the population

the amount a person has left to spend or save after paying taxes

apparel made for specific sports and exercise activities but it has also become part of many people's everyday wardrobes

series of somewhat contiguous price lines that appeal to specific target groups of customers

present a manufacturer's line to a retail store's sale staff and its customers

Brooks Brothers'

represented the workers in virtually all domestic plants in the tailored clothing segment of menswear manufacturing

produce structured or semi-structured suits, overcoats, topcoats, sports coats, formal wear, and separate slacks that involve hand-tailoring

the difference in inches between the chest measurement of a suit jacket and the waist of the pants

more fitted jacket, built-up shoulders, and a higher armhole

the trade term for women's underwear, usually divided into foundations

support either the bust or the lower torso

less structured innerwear and sleepwear

loose-fitting apparel designed for home entertaining

ability to carry the moisture of perspiration away from the skin

American Apparel and Footwear Association, the national trade association representing apparel, footwear, and sewn products companies, compete in the global marketplace

Full customer service and Flagship and branch configuration; a retail store carrying a general line of apparel, home furnishings, and housewares, and employing more than 50 people

centralized buying and store units have similar appearance

operates from a temporary or permanent location and independent entrepreneurs pay for space

Carries either soft goods or hard goods and intimate knowledge of customers

Type of specialty store and carries one brand or label of in-season, full-price merchandise

Extensive use of private label and 100 or more store units

minimal customer services and sells budget priced merchandise

Sells broken assortments of merchandise and designer and national brands are sold at reduced prices

used by retailers and manufacturers to sell excess merchandise;discount operations run by a manufacturer

Buys merchandise in bulk quantities and membership is a requirement; stock a limited number of apparel stock keeping units-generally whatever brands they can buy; Costco, Sam's Club, BJ's

individual entrepreneurs operates store units as part of a chain and parent company provides merchandise and training

low prices to customers derived from volume discounts and extreme narrow and deep assortments; superstores or category specialists who so dominate a market that they drive out or "kill" smaller specialty stores

sells soft goods and highly individual selection of merchandise; a shop that carries exclusive merchandise

Type of underselling retailer and previously owned merchandise

global retailer and 24/7 availability

small evening bags

manufacturers who produce belts to be sold as separate fashion accessory items

manufactures belts to be sold as part of a dress, skirt, or pair of trousers

women's hat industry

producing merchandise to specification under the brand names of chain stores

manufacturer or exclusive distributor sells directly to the ultimate retailer

the store shares in the payment of salaries

stores use these, gift with purchase or a purchase with purchase offer, to promote their products

the umbrella term used frequently today to describe the two fashion-driven industries that have been long called home furnishings and home accessories

dinnerwear, glasswear, and flatwear

Bed linens, bath linens, table linens, window treatments, upholstery fabric, miscellaneous, area rugs

tumblers, footed tumblers, stemware

Place where goods are offered for sale and sold at wholesale prices

market in one's own country

the places outside of the US

a city where fashion is offered and sold wholesale

a building or complex of buildings that houses a wholesale market; that is an exhibition of fashions that are ready to be sold to retail stores

during this time, market centers and marts are filled with producers and designers, all of whom exhibit new lines

periodic exhibits that are scheduled throughout the year in regional market centers and some marts; smaller than market weeks and usually attended by buyers from one region of the country

original designs, use luxury fabrics, are known for exquisite detailing, are expensive out of necessity and thus are made in very limited numbers

"ready to wear", produced in far larger numbers than haute couture

apparel firm for which a designer creates original designs and styles

Process of shopping for and purchasing imported goods

use of foreign workers in one or more countries to complete the steps of manufacturing the goods that bear the producer's label

foreign owned independent agents; represent both retailers and manufacturers

difference between the value of exports and the value of imports

Value of goods that a country imports exceeds the value of its exports

country's exports exceed its imports

an economic and political doctrine that seeks to exclude or limit foreign goods

supports the free exchange of goods among nations

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; played a major role in reducing trade barriers and unifying trading practices among member nations

limits set to restrict the number of specific goods that may be brought into the country for a specific period of time

limit the quantity of goods that may enter the United States

set a limit after which a higher duty is charged on goods entering the country

fee assessed by the government on certain goods that it wishes to restrict or limit

inferior imitations passed off as the genuine article

not cheap rip-offs; cannot be distinguished form the real ones; they are made by the same manufacturers who make the real ones but who sell some goods to the black market

illicit goods or commodities that are in violation of official regulations are traded

goods that were not intended for sale in the country in which they are being sold

involves the business of buying and selling- or merchandising- apparel, accessories, and home fashions

the right merchandise, the right price, the right place, the right time, in the right quantities

first department store in Paris

General stores, peddlers, and mail-order sellers

an early form of retail store which carried a wide variety of mainly utilitarian consumer goods

rural free delivery, a system of free mail delivery to rural areas

JC Penny, Sears, Target, retailers that typically sell many kinds of merchandise in addition to clothing

offer limited lines of related merchandise targeted to a more specific customer

main stores

retailers that offer well-known branded apparel at 20-60 percent of department store prices; store format resembles that of a department store

Walmart, Carrefour; carry a broad range of products, from apparel to electronics, typically private label and basics, prices are lower than department stores or specialty stores

low-price apparel from private labels and typically lower-end brands

offer discount grocery or superstore items and products commonly found in department stores

a group of centrally owned stores, four or more, each of which handles similar goos and merchandise; can be a mass merchandiser known or its low prices, department store known for high-quality mid-price goods, or a specialty merchandiser selling exclusive designs at high prices

a practice whereby a chain store buyer located in a central buying office is usually assigned to purchase only a specific category or classification of merchandise instead of buying all categories carried in a single department

a practice whereby a department buyer is responsible for buying all the various categories of merchandise carried in that department

sections of a retail store that are owned and operated by outside organizations

selling of brand-name and designer merchandise at lower-than-normal retail prices when the products are at the late rise or early peak in the fashion cycle

direct selling, catalog retailers, TV home shopping, and online shopping sites

general and specific guidelines and goals established by store management and adjusted according to current trends and marketplace needs to keep the store on target

the range of stock a retailer features

stocks relatively few styles but has them in many sizes and colors

offers many different styles in limited sizes and colors

1) Store may prevail upon vendors to confine one or more styles to their store for a period of time and or within their trading area.
2) Can buy from producers who will manufacture goods to their specifications.
3) They can become the sole agent within their trading area for new, young designers.
4) they can seek out and buy from domestic or foreign sources of supply that no one else has discovered.
5) They can create private labels.

to minimize competition over national brands, some major retailers insist on buying exclusive styles from national brand manufacturers

designed to keep the customers once that are attracted enough to come into the store

in store stimulation of all customers' senses

coordinated group of retail stores, plus a parking area

shopping centers that are enclosed and climate-controlled

multistory buildings taller than they are wide

outdoor shopping centers that offer three or four category killers together, so that a range of merchandise is available at highly discounted prices

usually containat least two anchor department stores as well as many specialty stores and a food court or restaurants

even larger than regional malls, often containing up to one million square feet

marketing strategy that targets a specific demographic

Form of business combination in which retailers and manufacturers join forces to operate more efficiently, thus improving both companies' profits while enabling them to give the customer a better product at a lower price

free and voluntary mention of a firm, product, or person in the media

also a free and voluntary mention, but it is designed to enhance a long-term goal such as the shaping of a company's public image

magazines devoted to home fashions

a unique form of publicity that names the manufacturer and lists retail stores where the clothes may be purchased

trade newspapers and magazines that are published just for the industry; keep their special readers informed about what is going on in the fashion world

may select and coordinate the apparel and accessories for store catalogs and print ads, for magazine articles, or for commercials

the arrangement and presentation of merchandise in store windows and on the selling floor

serve the ongoing needs of a store or group of stores for a steady supply of new merchandise; watch and report on fashion trends, help with strategic planning, make vendor recommendations, coordinate imports, and assist in product development

cooperatively owned and operated by a group of privately owned stores for their mutual use

maintained by a parent organization exclusively for the stores it owns

merchandise must be mass produced and use standardized sizing

Event resulted in strengthening unionization in womenswear industry

event contributed to the growth of the ready-to-wear womenswear industry

early retail businesses selling low quality ready-made menswear

The Civil War

Manufacturers sell their goods in their own stores as well as other retail outlets

Miami

the median size

use of trade associations to collectively promote its members' products

use of brand names to promote each company's fibers

smaller minimum order yardage and faster delivery times

spinning fibers into yarn

Color is added from the fiber stage on.

vertically integrated mill.

process greige goods and arrange to have it finished

Purchase and process skins and hides into leather in their own facilities

process of transforming pelts into leather

an agreement that allows a fur manufacturer to supply merchandise to a retailer, which has the option of returning unsold items

an agreement in which an independent merchant pays a percentage of sales to a store as rent for a space in a store

process skins and hides for converters, but are not involved in the final sale of the leather

a business that buys hides and skins from meat packers, commissions the tanning to others and sells the finished products to manufacturers

company representatives who exhibit merchandise to potential customers