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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define Economic System
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An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
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define Technology
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Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
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define Reciprocity
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The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties
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define Generalized Reciprocity
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A mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified
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define Silent Trade
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Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups so as to avoid direct personal contact
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define Kula Ring
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A mode of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade and social relations among the seafaring Melanesians who inhabit a large ring of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
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define Balanced Reciprocity
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A mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods or services and the time of their delivery
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define Redistribution
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A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated
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define Conspicuous Consumption
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A showy display of wealth for social prestige
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define Potlatch
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On the northwestern coast of North America, an indigenous ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth
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define Prestige Economy
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The creation of a surplus for the express purpose of displaying wealth and giving it away to raise one's status
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define Leveling Mechanism
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A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide ree service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else
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define Market Exchange
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The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
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define Money
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A means of exchange used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value
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define Informal Economy
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A network of producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escapes government control
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define Race
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In biology, the taxonomic category of subspecies that is not applicable to humans because the divisions of humans into discrete types does not represent the true nature of human biological variation
An importance social category in some societies |
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define Genocide
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the physical extermination of one people by another
Either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others |
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define Racism
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A doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical characteristics
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define Structural Violance
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Physical and/or psychological harm caused by impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social, political, and economic systems
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define Polymorphic
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Describing species with alternative forms (alleles) of particular genes
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define Polytypic
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Describing the expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species
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define Epicanthic Eyefold
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A fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner of the eye
Common in Asian populations |
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define Melanin
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A dark pigment produced in the outer layer of the skin that protects against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation
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define Thrifty Genotype
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Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen
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define Lactose
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A sugar that is the primary constituent of fresh milk
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define Lactase
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An Enzyme in the small intestine that enables humans to assimilate lactose
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define Adaptation
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A series of beneficial adjustments to a particular enviorment
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define Cultural Adaptation
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A complex of ideas, technologies, and activities that enables people to survive and even thrive in their enviorment
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define Culture
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A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, emotions, and perceptions
Used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior |
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define Enculturation
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The process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society
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define Society
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An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well being
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define Gender
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The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes
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define Subculture
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A distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates
While still having common standards with that larger society |
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define Ethnic Group
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People who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on shared cultural feature such as common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs
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define Ethnicity
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The expression for the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group
Rooted in the greek work "ethnikos," meaning "nation" Related to the greek word "ethnos," meaning "custom" |
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define Pluralistic Society
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A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural diffences
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define Symbol
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A sound, gesture, mark, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way
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define Social Structure
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The rule/governed relationships, that hold members of a society together
including households, families, associations, and power relations |
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define Infastructure
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The economic foundation of a society
Including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living |
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define Superstructure
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A society's shared sense of identity and worldview
Collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which members of a society make sense of the world and understand their place in it Includes religion and national ideology |
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define Cultural Relativism
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The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms
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define Urgent Anthropology
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Ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures
Also known as "Salvage Ethnography" |
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define Advocacy Anthropology
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Research that is community based and politically involved
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define MultiSited Ethnography
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The investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures embedded in the larger structure of a globalizing world
Utilizing a range of methods in various locations of time and space |
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define Digital Ethnography
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An ethnographic study of social networks,"", communicative practices, and other cultural expressions in cyberspace by means of digital visual and audio technologies
Also known as "Cyberethnography" or "Netnography" |
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define Ethnographic Fieldwork
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Extended on location research to gather detailed and in depth information on a society's customary ideas, values, and practices through participation in its collective social life
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define Key Consultant
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A member of the society being studies who provides information that helps researchers understand the meaning of what they observe
Early anthropologists referred to such individuals as "Informants" |
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define Quantitative Data
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Statistical or measurable information
Such as demographic composition, the types and quantities of crops grown, or the ratio of spouces born and raised within or outside the community |
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define Qualitative Data
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Non statistical information such as personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices
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define Informal Interveiw
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An unstructured, open ended conversation in everyday life
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define Formal Interview
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A structured question/answer session carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared questions
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define Eliciting Devices
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Activities and objects used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share information
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define Theory
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A coherent statement that provides an explanatory framework for understanding
An explanation or interpretation supported by a reliable body of data |
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define Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)
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A vast collection of cross indexed ethnographic, biocultural, and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics and geographic location
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define Idealist Perpective
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A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure in cultural research and analysis
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define Materialistic Perspective
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A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of infrastructure (material conditions) in cultural research and analysis
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define Language
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A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, resulting in meanings that are intelligible to all who share that language
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define Signals
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Instinctive sounds and gestures that have a natural or self evident meaning
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define Linguistics
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The modern scientific study of all aspects of langauge
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define Phonetics
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The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a languae
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define Phonology
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The study of language sounds
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define Phonemes
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The smallest units of sound that make a diffence in meaning in a language
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define Morphology
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The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language
Including the guidelines for verb tense, pluralization, and compound words |
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define Morphemes
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The smallest unit of sound that carry a meaning in language
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what is the difference between Morphemes and Phonemes
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Phonemes can alter the meaning of a word but posses no meaning by themselves
Morphemes posses their own meaning independently |
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define Syntax
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The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences
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define Grammer
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The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax
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define Language family
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A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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define Linguistic Divergence
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The development of different languages from a single ancestral language
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define Linguist Nationalism
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The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
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define Sociolinguistics
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The study of the relationship between language and society though examining how social categories influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech
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define Gendered Speech
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Distinct male and female speech patterns
Vary across social and cultural settings |
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define Dialects
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The varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
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define Code Switching
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The practice of changing from one mod of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another
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define Ethnolinguitics
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A branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform eachother
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define Linguistic relativity
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The theoretical concept directly linking language and culture, holding that the words and grammer of a language affect how its speakers perceive and think about the world
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define Gestures
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Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages
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define Kinesics
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The study of nonverbal signals in body language
Including facial expressions and bodily postures and motions |
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define Proxemics
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The cross cultural study of people's perception and use of space
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define Paralanguage
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Voice effects that accompany language and covey meaning
Include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning or signing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo |
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define Tonal Language
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A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning
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define Whistled Speech
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An exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice
Also known as "Whistled Language" |
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define Displacement
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Referring to things and events removed in time and space
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define Writing System
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A set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way
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define Alphabet
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A series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order
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define Intersexuals
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People born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female
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define Transgenders
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People who cross over or occupy an intermediate position in the binary male female gender construction
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define Negative Reciprocity
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A mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible
Neither fair or balanced may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating or theft |