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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
geography
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study of the earth
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spatial pattern
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distribution of things
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processes of natural environment
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processes that helped put things where they are
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human geography
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study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alternation of earth's surfaces
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physical geography
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study of the characteristics of the physical environment
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culture
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shared patterns of learned behavior
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3 components of culture
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social institutions, beliefs & values, material culture/artifacts
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social institution
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way a culture maintains order
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material culture/artifacts
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tangible things, survival activities, leisure activities
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5 themes of geography
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region, mobility, globalization, nature-landscape/human-environment interaction, cultural landscape
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region
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grouping of like places or the functional union of places to form a spatial unit
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culture region
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area occupied with people who have something in common culturally
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3 types of region
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formal, functional, vernacular
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formal region
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inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common
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functional region
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area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically
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vernacular region
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area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity
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mobility
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how ideas, practices, and behaviors spread to where they are today
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3 ways of mobility
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diffusion, circulation, migration
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cultural diffusion
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geographical origin, or hearth, and spread of ideas and innovations
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relocation diffusion
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spread of cultural elements by the physical movement of people
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expansion diffusion
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spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process
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3 types of expansion diffusion
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contagious, hierarchical, stimulus
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contagious expansion diffusion
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happens very rapidly
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hierarchical expansion diffusion
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spreads from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places (usually spreads to people or places of lesser power)
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stimulus expansion diffusion
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when the specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted
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distance decay
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decrease in occurrence of a feature with increasing distance from its origin
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absorbing barriers
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anything that halts the diffusion of cultural elements
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globalization
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binding together of all the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic, free markets
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nature-culture / human-environment interaction
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study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture or human activity
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4 schools of thoughts of nature-culture
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environmental determinism, environmental perception, possibilism, humans as modifiers of earth
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environmental determinism
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humans molded by nature
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possibilism
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physical environment offers opportunities and limitations
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environmental perception
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choices by people made on their perception of environment, rather than actual characteristics of land
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2 ways of viewing the environment (environment perception)
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organic view, mechanistic view
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organic view
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think nature is the physical land and humans on that land
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mechanistic view
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think nature is just the physical environment, humans are separate from it
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humans as modifiers of earth
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exact opposite of environmental determinism, humans modify nature
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cultural landscape
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the human imprint on the earth that reflects their culture
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sense of place
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not looking at surroundings, but how it makes you feel
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3 types of culture
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popular, folk, indigenous
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popular culture
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dynamic, practiced by large society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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folk culture
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practiced by small group living in relative isolation from other groups
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indigenous culture
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makes up the original inhabitants of a territory
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placelessness
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losing sense of character and emotion tied to place, every place seems the same
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convergence hypothesis
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eventually all cultures wil converge into one mega culture due to globalization
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folk culture diffusion
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slowly, by relocation diffusion
unknown sources, time and originators for most part |
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popular culture diffusion
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arises from advances in technology and increased leisure time
rapidly, by hierarchical diffusion |
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world population distribution:
even or uneven? |
uneven
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most populated clusters in world (densities)
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east asia, south asia, europe
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top 3 most populated countries
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china (1.3 billion)
india (1.1 billion) us (300 million) |
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why do people choose to live in these densely populated areas?
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moderate temperatures, water resources, fertile soil, flat terrain
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birth rate
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number of babies born per 1000 people in a given year
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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number of children the average women (14-49 years old) will have
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replacement level
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a TFR of 2.1 is needed to produce an eventually stabilized population
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3 ways to measure death
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death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate
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causes of death in higher income countries
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cancer, cardiovascular disease
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causes of death in lower income countries
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communicable and contagious diseases, things that have cures
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death rate
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number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year
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life expectancy at birth
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average number of yearsa that a newborn can expect to live in a certain year
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what reduces life expectancy
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no public health program, political conflict / war, communicable diseases, HIV/AIDS, few vaccinations, no health insurance
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
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deaths that occur in first year of life per 1000
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natural increase rate
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percentage by which a population grows in one year (excludes migration)
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world natural increase rate
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1.5%
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urbanization in us
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80% of americans live in urban areas
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with urbanization comes...
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decreasing TFR & IMR, women have fewer children, increased education levels, increased birth control use, delay of marriage
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demographic transition
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change in population growth that occurs when a country moves from a rural to an urban society
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dependency ratio
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number of people who are to young or too old to work, compared to number of people in their productive years
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sex ratio
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ratio between men and women in a population
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how many more men/women than men/women in the world?
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35 millions more males than females
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core-periphery pattern
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when a region can be divided into two sections, one near the center where the particular attributes that define the reigion are strong, and other portions of the region further away from the core where those attributes are weaker
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cultural ecology
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nature-culture
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natural hazards
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flooding, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, insect infestations, droughts, etc.
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ecofeminism
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because of socialization, women have been better ecologists and environmentalists than men
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symbolic landscape
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urban skyline
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settlement forms
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spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area
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nucleation
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relative density of landscape elements
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dispersed
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less nucleated place
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land-division patterns
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uses of particular parcels of land and reveal the way people have divided the land for economic, social, and political uses
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subcultures
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groups within a dominant culture that become distinctive enough
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nonmaterial culture
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beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings that are transmitted across generations of a society
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consumer nationalism
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local resistance to globalization
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local consumption culture
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consumption practices and preferences-in food, clothing, music, etc.-formed in specific places and historical moments
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subsistence economies
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oriented primarily toward production toward local consumption, rather than production of commodities for sale on the market
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agroforestry
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farming systems that combine the growing of trees with the cultivation of agricultural crops
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leisure landscapes
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designed to entertain people on weekends and vacations, included as part of a larger tourist experience
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amenity landscape
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region with attractice natural features that have become desirable locations for retirement or vacation homes
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geodemography
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population geography
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carrying capactiy
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population beyond which a given environment cannot provide support without becoming significantly damaged
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zero population growth
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TFR of 2.1
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push-and-pull factors
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act to make the old home unattractive or unlivable and the new land attractive
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