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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mesopelagic fish adaptations |
well-developed teeth large mouths highly sensitive eyes photophores |
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Photophores used for |
lures species recognition possibly lanterns |
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Vertical migration |
when deeper living fish migrate up at night for food or other necessities. stimulated by daily or seasonal changes in light intensity |
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Buoyancy |
Living and moving in three dimensions above the seafloorcreates buoyancy problems for pelagic animals. Stored fats and oils or internal gas-filled flotation organs arecommon buoyancy devices used by pelagic marine animals.
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Swim bladders that are attached to esophagus as adult. |
physostomous |
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Swim bladders that are not attached to esophagus as adult (disappear). |
physoclistous |
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Rete mirabile |
The gas gland and associated countercurrent network of blood vessels called the rete mirabile are capable of concentrating gases from the blood into their swim bladders at high pressures
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How do animals orient themselves in the sea |
biological clocks |
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Biological clocks can be reset by |
day length, temperature, food availability |
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Abyssal plains |
deep, dark, mostly featureless except for ridges, rises, and trenches |
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Oozes |
characterized by chemical comp. siliceous and calcareous |
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Deep floor oxygen |
comes from surface 5ppm comes from diffusion |
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Gigantism |
surprisingly common in deep sea |
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O2 minimum zone |
gradual increase below |
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Food for deep sea organisms that come from the surface are tightly coupled with |
primary productivity at the surface spring-summer at surface summer-fall in deep sea |
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Metabolic rates _____ in the deep sea to account for ________ |
decrease, high variability of food |
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density and biomass at surface vs deep sea |
greater at surface |
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species diversity at surface vs deep sea |
equal or may even be greater in deep sea |
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Why are nets not used to sample deep sea organisms? |
Most species are infaunal |
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Deposit feeders |
infaunal - extracting nourishment from the sediment in much the same manner as earthworms. |
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Croppers |
have merged the roles of predator and deposit feeder by preying heavily on populations of smaller deposit feeders and bacteria |
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Deep sea adaptations |
Either very large or no eyes large mouths big teeth photophores |
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Hydrothermal vent communities |
Dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emerging from seafloor cracks is used as an energy source by chemosynthetic bacteria, the base of the food web in these areas |
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Larval dispersal - hydrothermal vents |
drift with currents hitchhikers hop from carcass to carcass |
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What do you call a submerged volcano |
atoll |
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name the order that reefs form |
fringing, barrier reef, atoll |
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What are chemicals called that induce spawning in invertebrates? |
pheromones |
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Neustonic |
lives at air-sea interface |
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What phylum do siphonophoresbelong to? |
cnidaria |
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Which organism is the most numerous and diverse of the meroplankton? |
copopods |
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Measuring bathymetry |
sounding - rope w/heavy weight multi-beam echo sounders sattelite measurements - can see large areas unaffected by surface conditions |
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Refractometer |
measures salinity |
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hypersomatic |
more salt - less water |
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isomatic |
normal |
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hyposomatic |
less salt - more water |
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Osmoconformer |
stays in areas where salinity is similar |
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osmoregulator |
can tolerate wide range of salinities |
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Neritic |
bottom but shallow |
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nertic |
area right above continental shelf |
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monera |
simplest organisms, single celled, prokaryotic ex - cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteris |
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Protista |
single, multicelled w/nuclei ameobas, microalgea, protists |
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Chromista |
single and multicelled w/nucleus; once part or protista ex: brown macroalgea |
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metabiosis |
one benefits at death of another |
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phytoplankton groups |
cyanobacteria chryosphyta dinophyta |
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cyanobacteria |
obtain energy thru photosynthesis |
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chrysophyta |
cocoliths, diatoms |
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dinophyta |
dinoflagellates dominate warm water phytoplankton communities |
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Primary production equation |
NPP = GPP - R |
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Things that affect primary production |
dissolved co2 temp sunlight/turbidity depth nutrients salinity pollution ETC |
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Most common pigment |
chlorophyll a |
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Standard chordate features |
dorsal hollow nerve chord stiffening notochord of cartilage pharyngeal gill slits post anal tail |
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All vertebrates have standard chordate features and |
segmental ossification of the notochord a musculature segmented into myomeres closed circulatory system w/hemoglobin containing red blood cells |
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Agnatha |
Jawless fish characterized by lack of jaw, paired fins and scales |
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Chondrichthyes |
Sharks, rays, chimaeras salt glands used to osmoregulate heterocercal caudal fin and placoid scales |
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Osteichthyes |
bony fishes polyganous sequential hermaphrodites |
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Counter current flow |
used by fish, blood flow and water flow are opposites |
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All marine bird/reptiles eliminate excess salts through |
kidneys specialized nasal glands |
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waters is greater than ____ times as dense and ______ times more viscous than air |
800, 30 |
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Diadromous |
spends life in both fresh and marine waters |
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anadromous |
most of life at sea, spawn in freahwater |
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ampullae of lorenzini |
detects electomagnetic stimuli |
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lateral line |
detects disturbances in the water |
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Marine mammals split into these three groups |
carnivora sirenia cetacea |
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Apneustic breathing |
breathing fast before going under water |
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collapsible lungs |
force air away from alveoli to avoid bends and nitrogen narcosis |
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Types of estuaries |
coastal plain tectonic bar-built fjord |
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Coastal plain estuary |
formed by flooded river mouth |
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Tectonic estuary |
found along major fault lines |
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Bar-built estuary |
when shallow lagoon/bay is protected from ocean by sand bar or barrier island |
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Fjord |
U shaped valleys formed by glacial action |
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More than 90% of marine mammals are ______ |
benthic |
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Corals - phylum |
cnidaria |
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Cenosarc (corals) |
individuals connected |
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corallite |
the cup the animal sits in |
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septum |
supporting walls |
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columella |
:P |
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Types (shapes) of corals |
Folacious free living encrusting columnar platelike branching massive |
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