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17 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Everyone agrees that moral claims exist, but...
... they disagree about how to understand moral claims.
Cognitivism
Moral claims are true or false
Non-cognitivism
Moral claims are not true or false
Emotivism
Non-cognitivism: Moral claims are expressions of emotions about a certain topic, but do not comment on right or wrong/true or false.
Prescriptivism
Non-cognitivism: Moral claims are prescriptions to act a certain way, similar to "pass the salt." They're not true or false, but instead a direction of how to act.
Objectivism
Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim does not depend on what you or I THINK about it. It's true regardless. Just like 2+2=4.
Relativism
Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim does depend on what you or I think. Nothing is inherently true or false. Trueness and falseness is determined by you and me.
Subjectivism
Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim depends on me as an individual.
Cultural relativism
Cognitivism: The truth maker of a moral claim depends on groups of people or cultures, not individuals.
Consequentialism
Cognitivism, Objectivism: X is right if it brings about the best consequences.
Deontology
Cognitivism, Objectivism: Certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong
Intrinsically good things
good in itself, inherently good
Instrumentally good things
good for what they bring about (e.g. money is instrumentally good)
Virtue Ethics
Cognitivism, Objectivism: An act is right if it is the kind of thing a virtuous person would do. (Aristolean ethics)
Bentham's hedonic calculus
The only good is pleasure, the only bad is pain. We can calculate the pain/pleasure that results from consequences, and then decide which is right. We use the seven aspects to correctly calculate.
Bentham's philosophical standpoint
Cognitivism: Objectivism: Consequentialism: Utilitarianism
Bentham: Should I run the numbers before each action to determine right/wrong?
No, it may be too late if we wait. Sometimes, we should just act.