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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness
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awareness of everything that is going around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including your thoughts, sensation, and feelings
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Waking Consciousness
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People's thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and they feel alert
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Altered state of consciousness
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occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of your mental activity
-different forms include daydreaming, being hypnotized, or achieving a meditative state |
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biological rhythm
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natural cycles of activity that the body must go through
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Circadian Rhythm
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a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period. Translates to about day (about a day)
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Melatonin
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a hormone usually secreted by the pineal gland that causes sleep
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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the internal clock that tells people to wake up and when to fall asleep
-sensitive to light |
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microsleeps
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brief side sleeps into sleeps that only lasts seconds
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sleep deprivation
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loss of sleep
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adaptive theory of sleep
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proposes that animals and humans evolved different sleep patterns to avoid being present during their predators' normal hunting times, which typically would be at night
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restorative theory of sleep
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states that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body
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REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
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active type of sleep when most of a person's dreaming takes place. Voluntary muscles are inhibited, meaning that the person in REM sleep moves very little
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non-REM sleep
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deep, restful sleep
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EEG
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reflects brain activity during both waking and sleep
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beta waves
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smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity; person is usually wide awake
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alpha waves
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brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
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theta waves
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brain waves that indicate the early stages of sleep
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Non-REM stage 1: light sleep
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theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away
-hallucinations -hypnic jerk |
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Non-REM stage 2: Sleep spindles
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body temp drops, heart rate slows
-theta waves are still predominate |
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sleep spindles
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brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two
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Non-REM stage 3 and 4: Delta waves roll in
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delta waves roll in and growth hormones are released
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delta waves
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slowest and largest waves
-make up only about 20 to 50 percent of the brain wave pattern -hard to wake up |
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REM paralysis
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the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep
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REM Rebound
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increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
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REM behavior disorder
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a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscle fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even to get up and act out nightmares
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Sleepwalking or somnambulism
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Occurs in about 20 percent of the population; occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving o walking around in one's sleep
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Night terrors
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state of panic experienced while sound asleep. people may sit up, scream, run around the room, or flail at some unseen attacker
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insomnia
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the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
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sleep apnea
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disorder where the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more
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Narcolepsy
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person may slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day
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cataplexy
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the sudden loss of muscle tone
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restless leg syndrome
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uncomfortable sensations in leg causing movement and loss of sleep
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nocturnal leg cramps
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painful cramps in calf or foot muscles
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hypersomnia
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excessive daytime sleepiness
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circadian rhythm disorders
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disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work
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Enuresis
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urinating while asleep in bed
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Manifest Content
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the actual dream itself
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latent content
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hidden meaning or feelings in a dream expressed in symbols
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis
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explains that a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. it is less realistic because it comes not from the outside world of reality but from within people's memories and experiences of the past; premise states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stems of cortical cells during REM sleep periods
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Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
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revised vision of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams
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hypnosis
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a state of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion
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dissociation
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one part of the mind is aware of actions/activities taking place, while the "hypnotized" part is not
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social cognitive theory
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suggests that people assume roles based on expectation for a given situation
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psychoactive drugs
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drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
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physical dependence
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condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
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drug tolerance
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as a person continues to use a drug, larger and larger doses of the drug are needed to achieve the same initial effects of the drug
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withdrawal
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physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body system
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psychological dependence
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the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being, which is a very powerful factor in continued drug use
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stimulants
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drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
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depressants
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drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system
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narcotics
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painkilling depressants that are derived from the opium poppy
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hallucinogenics
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drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations
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amphetamines
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stimulants that are synthesized in a lab rather than found in nature
-metamphetamine |
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cocaine
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natural drug found in coca plant leaves. it produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure. suppresses pain and appetite
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nicotine
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mild but toxic stimulant, producing a slight "rush" or sense of arousal as it raises blood pressure and accelerates the heart, as well as providing a rush of sugar into the bloodstream by stimulating the release of adrenalin
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barbiturates
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drugs that have a sedative effect
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depressants
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drugs that slow the central nervous system
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minor tranquilizers
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drugs having a relatively mild depressant effect
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benzodiazepines
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drugs used to lower anxiety and reduce stress
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alcohol
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chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter
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karsakoff's syndrome
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form of dementia brought about by a severe vitamin B1 deficiency caused by the alcoholic's tendency to drink rather than eat
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opium
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derived from opium poppy where all narcotic drugs are derived; pain relieving and euphoria inducing properties that have been known for at lease 2000 years
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morphine
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narcotic drug derived from opium; used to treat severe pain
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heroin
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narcotic drug derive from opium that is extremely addictive
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hallucinogens
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drug that causes false sensory messages
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
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synthesized drug not used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects
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MDMA (ecstasy)
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synthetic drug; designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
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stimulatory hallucinogenics
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drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic efforts
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Mescaline
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natural hallucinogens derived from the peyote cactus buttons
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psilocybin
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natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms
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marijuana
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mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant
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