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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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A systematic approach to thinking about studying and understanding society, human social behavior, and social groups.
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Auguste Comte
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Coined the term "sociology"
He's considered the founder of sociology |
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Karl Marx
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A conflict theorist who believed that conflict was usually the result of economy, result of conflict is change in society.
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Emile Durheim
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theorist who believed that societies were held together by common values, beliefs, looked at contribution of parts of a society and its impact on the whole, he did the1st studies on suicide and was the 1st to apply the scientific method to human
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Talcott Parsons
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considered the most influential American Sociologist; viewed society as a stable, though complex system of interdependent parts, each of which performed a function important to the system
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C Wright Mills
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an influential American Sociologist; his theories about the power elite set the stage for research on the American power structure; synonymous with term “sociological imagination
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Subjectivity
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basing an understanding on personal values and experiences; human judgment plays a role therefore; biases can & do occur
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Objectivity
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basing an understanding independent of personal values and experiences; mathematical data is not biased
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Applied Sociology
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research conducted to provide solutions to immediate, practical problems
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Academic Sociology
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research conducted for the sake of knowledge
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Methodolgy
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system of rules, procedures and principles that guides scientific investigation
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Empirical research
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involves direct observance using the senses (sight, hearing)
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Variable
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any characteristic that can change or differ from time to time, person to person or place to place
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Causation
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when one variable has an influence on another
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Correlation
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determining the relationship between two variables (can be positive, negative, or none)
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Controls
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method used in experimentation that helps eliminate extraneous cause to a relationship between 2 Variables
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Poplation
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entire group of people the researcher is focused on studying (single mothers, men age 21, etc)
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random sample
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subjects chosen in a way that allows every member of the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample (should be a representative sample)
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Verstehen
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a principle used by Max Weber that means empathetic understanding;
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Beliefs
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shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture
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counterculture subculture
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created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture
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cultural capitol
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(also known as social capital ): cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy (such as knowledge of elite culture) and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital
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cultural diffusion
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the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
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cultural hegemony
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the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society
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cultural relativism
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the idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
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culture
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the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society
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culture lag
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the delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions
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culture shock
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the feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation
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dominant culture
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the culture of the most powerful group in society
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's in-group is superior to all out-groups
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ethnomethodology
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a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy
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folkways
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the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group
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frames
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specific schemes of interpretation that allow people to perceive, identify, and label events within their lives that can become the basis for collective action
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global culture
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the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world
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inner directedness
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a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by internal principles and morals
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language
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a set of symbols and rules that, when put together in a meaningful way, provides a complex communication system
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law
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the written set of guidelines that define what is right and wrong in society
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mass media
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channels of communication that are available to very wide segments of the population
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mores
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strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
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norms
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the specific cultural expectations for how to act in a given situation
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other directedness
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a condition wherein the individual's behavior is guided by the behavior of others
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popular culture
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the beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions
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reflection hypothesis
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the idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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a theory that language determines other aspects of culture since language provides the categories through which social reality is defined and perceived
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subculture
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the culture of groups whose values and norms of behavior are somewhat different from those of the dominant culture
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symbols
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things or behavior to which people give meaning
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tradition directedness
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conformity to longstanding and time-honored norms and practices
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values
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: the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
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