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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is crime measured?
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By the FBI Uniform crime report
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What are some of the critiques to the way crime is measured?
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It only recognizes white collar crime
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How is poverty calculated?
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Cost of food necessary to survive x 3
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What are some stereotypes of welfare recipients?
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Stay on welfare, lazy, lots of kids, dont have a job
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What are some of the critiques of the stereotypes of welfare recipients?
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~You can only stay on welfare for 5 yrs total
~ most have jobs but minimum wage isn't enough to survive |
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what is a social aggregate? And what is an example? Is it a group?
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-a collection of people who happen to be together in place but do not interact
-Ex. standing in an elevator - Not a group |
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what is a social category? And what is an example? Is it a group?
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-people who share a common characteristic
-Ex. equestrians -not a group |
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What is an in-group? Example?
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-a group towards which you feel loyalty and respect
-the group you are in |
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What is an out-group? Example?
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-a group to which you feel excluded
- group that you are not in |
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what is a primary group? Example?
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-small groups characterized by face to face interaction and intimacy and you feel a sense of commitment
-Ex. younglife |
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what is a secondary group? Example?
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-Bigger and less personal groups that involve little emotional attachment
-Ex. a large study group |
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what is a reference group? Example?
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-Provides a standard for judging your own attitudes and behaviors; can be a group that you want to or are about to become part of
-Ex. gang, sorority, frat |
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What is conformity? Example?
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-People following a set of rules and beliefs that society has set
-Ex. Milgram's Obedience and Zimbardo's Prison Experiment |
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What are Weber's 5 characteristics of bureaucracy?
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-formal hierarchal structure
-operated under specific rules & protocol -run by organizing functional specialties -the mission of the bureaucracy is at heart (in-focused=serve the organization and those within it; up-focused= serve the stock holders and the board directly) -everyone operates under the same rules and are treated equal |
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What is Ritzer's McDonaldization of Society?
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all aspects of life are becoming increasingly regulated, rationalized, and impersonal
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What are the 4 dimensions of Ritzer's McDonaldization of Society?
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efficiency
calculability predictability control |
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what do transactional leaders do?
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have the role of supervision, organization and group performance
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what do transformational leaders do?
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conducts positive change in a group
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What is group think?
How does it relate to conformity? |
~when a group makes faulty decisions due to group pressures
~group think is conforming to what the group thinks as a whole instead of thinking as individuals |
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What did Kanter focus on?
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Liberal Feminism which is that gender imbalances are based on power and can be changed
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What did Ferguson focus on?
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Radical Feminism which is that gender imbalances could not be changed the only solution was for women to start their own businesses
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What are the five ways that the Japanese model of bureaucracy differs from Weber's?
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-bottom-up decision making
-less specialization -job security -group orientation -merging of work and private life |
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deviance
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actions or behaviors that violate the social norms
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How is deviance socially constructed?
Example? |
deviance is violating the social norms which are created by society
Ex. Polygny is bad in america but not in other cultures |
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what is social control?
~external ~internal |
~how society gets us to behave in a way that is socially acceptable
~rewards and punishments from society ~learning and accepting the social norms |
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what is strain theory?
example? |
Deviance occurs when there is a imbalance between goals and means
Ex. Soccer moms cant keep up so they take speed |
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what is control theory?
example? |
Strong social bonds prevent deviance and weak social bonds lead to deviance
Ex. School shooting usually happen due to someone being and outcast or bullied |
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what is cultural transmission theory?
example? |
You learn deviance from who and what you are around
Ex. Good people join a gang and start to become deviant |
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What is stratification?
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Structured systems of social inequality (different people have access to different things)
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What is a social class?
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section of a population whose members have a similar share of resources, values, and norms
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What is labeling theory?
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Deviance exists when people receive the label as deviant
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What are Primary Deviation? Secondary Deviation? and Self-fulfilling Prophecy?
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~first screw up
~caught and labeled as deviant ~ believing the label and acting upon it |
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What are the FBI Crime Reports? How do they work? What is the problem with them?
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~the main place that people look for crime reports
~data is supplied by police departments ~They only can report crimes that are reported to them and most costly crime isn't |
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What type of crime does the FBI crime reports recognize? What type does it not?
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~street crime= rape, burglary, murder.. etc
~white collar crime= embezzlement, tax fraud, insider trading ~corporate crime= workplace discrimination, hazardous workplace conditions, selling faulty products |
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how does the US compare to other countries in relation to their population & population that is in prison
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US is highest in the world!
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Does prison work? Why?
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~No, it does not prevent crime in the first place nor does it prevent future crime
~Inadequate re-socialization back to society, receive the criminal label, inadequate rehabilitation |
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What is an alternative to prison? how does it work?
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Victim-offender mediation= bring the two face to face & offers a pay back plan or the offender (much lower recidivism rates)
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what is recidivism? What are the rates for it in the US
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~When people return to prison after having been there before
~75% or 3 out of 4 people |
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What is Japan's alternative to prison? How does it work?
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Reintegrative Shaming= Criminals undergo socially shaming and this fear of being socially shamed prevents crime (Japan has the lowest crime rates)
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Japan’s reintegrative shaming as an alternative to prison – what are the two kinds?
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Stigmatizing (labeling and reinforcing person's criminal conduct), and Reintegrating (community are brought in to state their condemnation of behavior and rebuild social bonds of individuals as criminal reintegrates into community)
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Japan’s reintegrative shaming as an alternative to prison – does it work?
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Stigmatizing, no. Reintegration, yes. Japan practices this and it is one of the countries with lowest crime rates in the world.
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What is the poverty line and how is it constructed?
how much of america is considered poor? |
~The annual income below which you are considered poor
~Food needed to survive x 3 ~15% |
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What are some of the issues with how the poverty line is constructed?
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~cost of living varies geographically
~it is in outdated formula (prices have gone up) ~ignores personal differences (ex. health care) ~Misses an entire group of people (homeless, institutionalized, unauthorized immigrants) ~does not adjust for inflation |
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Who is more poor?
Whites/blacks married/single native/foreign |
whites
single foreign |
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What are some myths about the poor?
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refuse to work
welfare dependency race/ethnicity |
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What is Social Darwinism?
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The idea that the strongest/fittest will survive while the weak/unfit should be allowed to die
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What does social darwinism say about the poor?
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blames the poor for being poor (responsibility for you actions)
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What does TANF stand for? and who made it a law and when?
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~Temporary assistance for needy
~Clinton in 1996 |
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What are the 5 characteristics of TANF?
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~Block grant (government gives $ to states & states decide how to use it)
~work requirement (1 job in 2 yrs) ~lifetime cap (5 yrs total) ~family cap (having a child while on welfare doesn't ^$) ~required citizenship |
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What is corporate welfare and does it benefit our economy?
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~Money given to large corporations by the government
~No because money stays at the top with the CEOs |
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What do institutional discrimination and the political economy have to do with poverty?
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~You need money to go to college and you need to go to college to get a job
~Employers want to make more money themselves so they pay employees less |
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What is a caste system?
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a social status for life based on skin color, parents religion, race... ect
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What is a social class?
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a group of people with similar economics
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What are the four differences between a caste system and a social class?
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Classes have: no formal restrictions, positions are achieved, economically based, and they are large scale and impersonal
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What is the difference between a majority and a minority?
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Majority has power minority does not
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what is the difference between race and ethnicity?
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race is socially constructed based on appearance ethnicity is based on culture
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What are common examples of racial-ethnic inequalities regarding: Economics, Education, Health, and Criminal Justice?
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~Asians are paid the most
~ Minorities are taught by less experienced people ~Hispanics are least likely to have health insurance and blacks are most likely to die ~Blacks are 3x more likely to get sent to prison than whites, their sentence is about 6 months longer than whites, and they are less likely to get probation |
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What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
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prejudice is opinions or attitudes and discrimination is actual behavior
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What is a genocide?
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the systematic destruction of a particular racial, political or cultural group
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What is a digital divide? Example?
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The divide between people with or without access to the Internet
Ex. Those without internet will miss out information and communication about jobs, social and political news and community events |
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How does sociological thinking differ from the presentist and parochial ways of thinking about the internet?
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only things that happened on the Internet were relevant to understanding it and sociologists have long known that technology by itself does not determine anything. Rather, people take technology and use it.
ex.: the early telephone industry marketed its technology simply as a tool for practical business and spurned the notion that it could be a device for sociability. |
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Has the internet resulted in loss of community? Examples? (Netville)
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No, it has made it more connected. People can get to know more people in their through through the web.
Ex. Netville |
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What is networked individualism?
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Technology used to connect places by the use of phones, railroads, planes, cars and etc... now people as individuals are connected
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What did the author study in "Coping with innocence after death row"?
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People who were convicted of a crime, put on death row, and then later found innocent
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What is the difference between “incorporation” and “rejection” as strategies of negotiating exoneration? Examples?
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incorporation= absorbing the “exoneree” identity into their self-concept and finding some good that can come from their negative experiences.
rejection= aim to reduce or avoid the negative consequences of their wrongful convictions and involve socially isolating or numbing themselves emotionally. Ex. This can include self-destructive behaviors like drug and alcohol abuse and violence. |
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What kinds of challenges do exonerees face?
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Addressing their immediate physical needs, their emotional and psychological needs, and their legal needs
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What did the author study in "An essay on polluted Peoples and Places"?
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Kids in Flammable Shanty Town in Argentina, Buenos Aires
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How is Flammable different from other destitute neighborhoods throughout Buenos Aires?
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~ positive= shell brought in jobs
~negative= shell created lots of pollution |
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How is the pollution both out there in the neighborhood as well as inside these people’s bodies? Examples?
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~Illegal dumbing of garbage pollutes outside
~Inhaling fumes contaminates bodies & lead in the air |
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How do present immigrants from Asia differ from earlier immigrants from Asia and Europe?
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~came to perform low skilled labor
~now come to perform highly skilled labor |
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Where do Asian Americans tend to settle? How is location (where to settle) affected by social class?
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~Large metropolitan areas
Ex. the west (california) ~higher class doesn't live in little tokyo, koreatown, ect... they settle in suburbs |
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Explain factors that inhibit the formation of a panethnic identity
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it is an invented label applied to dozens of different groups with wildly different cultural traditions and languages and it is created by the majority.
Ex: Asian Americans |
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What is meant by the term “model minority” ? How can this term negatively impact Asian Americans? How can this term negatively impact other racial-ethnic minorities?
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~Asians are the modle minority in the US (they are not white but are smart and wealthy)
~They feel like they have to live up to an expectation ~They are being compared to the "great Asian minority" |
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George is going to his first semester at FAU. He wants to join the William Shakespeare Club, so he dresses up like Macbeth and starts talking in an English accent, but he is terrible at it and cannot act. In this situation William Shakespeare Club is George's ____________ group.
A. Out B. In C. Reference D. Primary |
C. Reference
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Daryl decides to join the radical, nation-wide organization, "Earth First!" because he is highly against clear cutting of trees. When he joins this group, he receives a subscription to the Earth First! Newsletter and often meets up for direct action workshops. For Daryl, Earth First! is a ____________.
A. primary group B. social aggregate C. secondary group D. out group |
C. Secondary group
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James is at his first day of kindergarten. At first, he is shy and scared of the other kids. During lunch, James sits with a few classmates and begins to make friends. After some time, James feels part of this small group. This group is called _____________.
A. Out B. In C. Reference D. Secondary |
B. In
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Bob lives in a poor neighborhood riddled with crime. He was unable to finish high schol, but Bob needs to feed his little brother. As a result, Bob joins a gang in order to feed his brother, since he has no education and cannot get a job. One day, he is arrested for stealing. Which theory best explains Bob's situation?
A. Control theory B. Labeling theory C. Strain theory D. Cultural transmission theory |
D. Cultural Transmission theory
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Lois is thinking about stealing a music CD out of an electronic store. However, she decides against it after remembering what her grandma told her about stealing. This is an example of what?
A. Control theory B. Labeling theory C. Restrain theory D. Cultural transmission theory |
A. Control theory
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Dave and Chip have been close friends for five years years They enjoy racing cars together. They share a common bond with each other that they do not share with anyone else. WHich of the following describes the relationship between Dave and Chip?
A. Out group B. Primary group C. Both a and b D. Neither a nor b |
B. Primary group
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Alex and Billy are playing baseball outside. Alex throws a fast ball too high for Billy to catch and it breaks the neighbor's window. Alex and Billy leave the site. Later that day the neighbor living in the house with the broken window comes to tell Alex and Billy's parents that they broke his window. Alex and Billy's parent's yelled at them and told them that they are good for nothing kids. The next day, Alex and Billy's teachers found out about the incident and told them that they are bad kids. After school, Alex and Billy's friends start calling them trouble makers. Alex and Billy start to think that they are bad people. Five years later, Alex and Billy are stealing a car.
What is the primary deviation? A. Alex and Billy leaving the scene B. Alex and Billy playing baseball C. Alex and Billy going to school the next day D. Alex and Billy stealing a car |
A. Alex and Billy leaving the scene
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Alex and Billy are playing baseball outside. Alex throws a fast ball too high for Billy to catch and it breaks the neighbor's window. Alex and Billy leave the site. Later that day the neighbor living in the house with the broken window comes to tell Alex and Billy's parents that they broke his window. Alex and Billy's parent's yelled at them and told them that they are good for nothing kids. The next day, Alex and Billy's teachers found out about the incident and told them that they are bad kids. After school, Alex and Billy's friends start calling them trouble makers. Alex and Billy start to think that they are bad people. Five years later, Alex and Billy are stealing a car.
What is the second deviation? A. Alex and Billy breaking the window B. Alex and Billy believe themselves to be bad people after their parents, teachers, and friends told them so C. Alex and Billy stealing a car D. Alex and Billy going to school the next day |
B. Alex and Billy believe themselves to be bad people after their parents, teachers, and friends told them so
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Alex and Billy are playing baseball outside. Alex throws a fast ball too high for Billy to catch and it breaks the neighbor's window. Alex and Billy leave the site. Later that day the neighbor living in the house with the broken window comes to tell Alex and Billy's parents that they broke his window. Alex and Billy's parent's yelled at them and told them that they are good for nothing kids. The next day, Alex and Billy's teachers found out about the incident and told them that they are bad kids. After school, Alex and Billy's friends start calling them trouble makers. Alex and Billy start to think that they are bad people. Five years later, Alex and Billy are stealing a car.
What theory best explains Alex and Billy's deviant behavior five years later? A. Labeling theory B. Control theory C. Restrain theory D. Cultural transmission theory |
A. Labeling theory
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What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
A. Race has a biological basis and ethnicity has a cultural basis B. Race is socially constructed by appearance and ethnicity has a cultural basis C. Race has DNA and Ethnicity is based on appearance D. Race has a cultural basis and ethnicity is socially constructed by appearance |
B. Race is socially constructed by appearance and ethnicity has a cultural basis
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Which of the following is a characteristic of bureaucracy according to Weber?
A. There is no authority B. At all levels of organization, workers are put together in groups C. Written rules and laws govern behavior D. Workers are not paid |
C. Written rules and laws govern behavior
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Mike is five seconds away from breaking into a house. Before he picks the lock to the back door, he thinks to himself, "This is morally wrong, and I should consider others before doing things." This is an example of:
A. Internal social control B. External social control C. Self- fulfilling prophecy D. primary deviation |
A. Internal social control
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The U.S. prison does not seem to be an effective method of crime control. We know this by referring to statistics regarding:
A. Rationalization B. Retribution C. Recidivism D. Both a and b |
C. Recidivism
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Margaret is a white woman in charge of a small grocery store. She says that she dislikes Hispanics and therefore she does not hire them. Which of the following applies to this situation?
A. Prejudice B. Discrimination C. Tough Love D. Both a and b |
D. Both a and b
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Five random people get in the elevator to work on different floors in a large building.
This is an example of: A. Primary group B. Reference group C. Social category D. Social aggregate |
D. Social aggregate
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Research on prison shows that prison does not work in the U.S. because
A. Prisoners do not take advantage of numerous opportunities available for rehabilitation B. Prisoners sentences need to be longer for prison to work C. Both a and b D. Neither a nor b |
D. Neither a nor b
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Current sociologists use which of the following theories to explain the existence of poverty?
A. Biological determination B. Social Darwinism C. Both a and b D. Political economy |
D. Political economy
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What does it mean to say that "deviance is socially constructed"?
A. What is defined as deviant varies across time and place B.Crime can be committed either by an individual or by a group C. Both a and b D. Neither a nor b |
A. What is defined as deviant varies across time and place
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Research shows that boys who grow up in a home where their father abuses their mother are more likely to become abusers themselves. Which theory best explains this research finding?
A. Labeling theory B. Control theory C. Restrain theory D. None of the above |
D. None of the above
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In the U.S. (in terms of sheer numbers), most poor people are
A. African American B. Hispanic C. White D. None of the above |
C. White
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