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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name all level one tools.
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Rationality/bounded rationality
Biological explanation Motivation and Personality type Perceptions/Images Belief system Analogical Reasoning Poli-heuristic theory Prospect theory |
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Rationality
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maximize benefits and minimize costs -- minimizes the importance of culture, ideology, values, beliefs, etc.
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Bounded Rationality
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• We cannot know all of our options
• Goal shifts from value maximization to satisficing – settling for what you can get • So then what influences your choices? o Previous experiences/intuition/interest and values o These help us to eliminate options o “Muddling through” simplify the process |
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Biological Explanations
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• Tension between reason and passion – behavior is linked to biological traits
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Motivation and Personality Types
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• Leaders with a need for power: seek power positions; dominate others; argumentative; show little humanitarian concern; paranoid that others want their power; take no great risks
• Need for affiliation: seeks approval of others o Loyalty – indecisiveness - less inclined to be an empire builder due to concern for others • Need for achievement: o Takes only moderate risks – fears greater loss |
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Perceptions/Images
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• Robert Jervis work is best known research in these areas
• Images of world → beliefs, stories, myths, stereotypes, misperceptions, etc. • Images change due to context o Images – shape perceptions of individuals, state and events |
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Belief System
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Operational code made up of philosophical and instrumental beliefs.
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Analogical Reasoning
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• Look at similar situations or ones you think to be similar
• Analogies and lessons – elements of belief systems • Provide: Definitions of situations, policy recommendations and predictions • Cognitive guide to be used in novel FOPO situations |
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Poli-heuristic Theory*
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• Poly = many
• Heuristic = shortcuts • Two stage decision process o Stage One: a list of options is narrowed down by experiences and values of the decision maker o Stage Two : remaining alternatives are reviewed with costs and benefits in mind |
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Prospect Theory
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• Environment of loss: Willing to take risks
• Environment of gain: Less willing to take risks |
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List the level two factors -
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Geographic factors, power map/political structure, economic systems, political culture/history/tradition, power capabilities, domestic politics
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Geographic Factors
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1)
• Location/geopolitics • Consider how the foreign policy of states near strategic waterways or near great power are shaped by these attributes • Strategic locations: gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, South China Sea, The Artic • Geopolitics: Control of territory or control of access points 2) • Size-Tangible measures - all relative to size of country 3) o Oil-water-food-forests-minerals o Strategic dependency – dependent on one mineral o Structural dependence – dependent on everything o Work of Thomas Homer – Dixon: Resource scarcity – resource capture and increased conflict |
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Power Map/Constitution and Political Structure
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How is the country constructed? Constitution? Various by country. Sets up who has power domestically. EX: In US - Congress has power to declare war.
• Best known political structure argument Is it RAM (rational actor model), Organization model (Standard operational procedures), or bureaucratic model (issue put on table, everyone fights it out) |
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Bureaucratic indifference
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• Michael Barnett - critical of world for not responding to genocide in Rwanda, after joining security council he become indifferent to criticisms, accept organization
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Economic Systems
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• Capitalist/LIEO
• State capitalism • Corporatism – government owns a lot of private and citizen sector • Major source of wealth: agrarian, resource based, industrial, financial services, technology – communication |
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• Reich’s Myths for American political culture
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o Mob at he gates – idea that everyone wants to come into US
o Benevolent community – Community takes care of you, not gov’t! o Triumphant individual – anyone can make it to the top o Rot at the top – we hate career politicians |
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Power Capabilities
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• Military: Hard power/capacity and will
• Economic: wealth, natural, and human resources, technology and industrial capacity • Political: Control over governance/rule-making • Activism and leadership in global institutions • Prestige and moral suasion • Cultural: control over meaning (What’s the god life? Influence of America film, etc.) |
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Domestic Politics
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• Electoral calculations
• Coalition – building for policy-making and election • Role of interest groups and funders |
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Two hybrid tools?
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Tool: Second-Image Reversed
• How do domestic factors influence international relations? Bureaucratic Indifference Theory • Combines individual beliefs and organizational cultures • His experience in the UN security council • Critical of UN failure of Rwanda • When you become a member of any organization you become an advocate of this organization – Indifferent to criticism |
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Level three tools?
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level of anarchy and order, distribution of power, international obligations, regimes as governing arrangements
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Level of anarchy and order
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• Anarchy ---------- World Government
• More regimes = more order • No common power |
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The Distribution of Power
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• Classic balance of power
• Cold War: Tight Bipolarity – both sides encourage defections/weaken the other side/constrain actions of allies ** In a country’s FP they want FLEXIBILITY and INDEPENDENCE • Détente: Loose bipolarity • Multi-polarity • Regionalism (regional poles) • Concert (4/5 majors powers ruling the world) – In a concert system, states will concentrate their FP’s on other concert powers. • Nonpolarity (corporations/NGOs have power. Not just states!) • Hegemony/Empire |
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International Obligations
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• Formal treaties
• Informal traditions, connections – kinship Reciprocity |
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Regimes as Governing Arrangements
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• Regional regimes/global regimes
• Govern in specific policy areas from cooperative research to regulation • Issue specific regimes: IAEA, Trade, Human Rights • Regimes work well if the major powers support them |
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Global factors?
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Global media/interent, natural world, social media, global financial markets, spread of ideas
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