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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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main features of functional perspective
- individuals are _____ - social change is _____ - social stratification is ____ |
systematic
individuals are indispensable evolutionary good |
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herbert spencer
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societies change from simple to complex, small to large, traditional to modern
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According to Herbert Spencer, difference in structure of a society leads to a difference in the functions of individuals. As a result of industrialization, the structure of American Society has changed dramatically. Which of the following roles has been changed because of these structural changes?
A. Roles of the family B. Roles of the religion C. Roles of the government D. All of the above |
d. all of the above
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durkheim
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Social Integration – must integrate the individuals into society.
Must find a common ground. Too much or too little integration is not good. Too much creates too powerful of a group, which eliminates the individuality of a person. EX: the children of Pakistan and Afghanistan being brainwashed, or taught to hate the Soviet Union for invading, creating modern day terrorists and extremists. |
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During Estate System, who helped the feudal lords to maintain their power and justified their injustices to the peasants?
A. Military B. Police C. Priest D. Judges |
c
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caste system of India
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you are either born inferior or superior
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order of estate
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nobility
clergy peasants |
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davis and moore
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social stratification is a functional necessity - certain positions are more important and require special talent, skills, etc
creates the motivation to succeed |
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criticisms of davis and moore?
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A. Functional significance is a cultural phenomenon
B. Social stratification leads to status-quo in society C. Social stratification leads to conflict |
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mechanical solidarity
proposed by? |
durkheim
Simple division of labor Homogenous Similarity of individuals Collective conscience Individual ego not prominent |
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organic solidarity
proposed by? |
durkheim
Complex division of labor Differences Interdependence Increased individualism Dehumanization |
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anomie
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the breakdown of social norms
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According to Durkheim, which societies tend to have more social inequality?
A. Societies based on mechanical solidarity B. Societies based on organic solidarity C. Traditional societies D. Socialist societies |
B. Societies based on organic solidarity
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We had a discussion in our class on an experiment on yahoo teen-talk. Which one of the following best describes the main point presented in our class?
A. Only formal organizations have rules and regulations of inclusion and exclusion B. Informal organizations such as chat rooms do not have rules of inclusion and exclusion C. Both informal and formal organizations have rules of inclusion and exclusion D. All of the above |
C Both informal and formal organizations have rules of inclusion and exclusion
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spencer: evolutionary change is ____
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good.
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Karl Marx lists a number of things under means of production. Which one of the following is one of them?
A. Labor B. The raw material C. Money, machines, and infrastructure D. All of the above |
C. Money, machines, and infrastructure
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. What is Karl Marx’s point of view on Middle Class?
A. He believes that Middle Class is an independent class B. He believes that Middle Class is an independent class and plays a very significant role in society C. He believes that middle class is not an independent class and that it works for the welfare of the Bourgeoisie D. None of the above |
C. He believes that middle class is not an independent class and that it works for the welfare of the Bourgeoisie
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according to marx, the difference between capitalism and socialism is
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the means of production
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who owns shit in a capitalist society?
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the individual
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who owns shit in a socialist society?
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the state
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different types of alienation
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from work - people can be hired, then fired
from product - you can make the product, but you dont own it from other workers - coworkers are not equal from self-alienation - feeling as though your life is meaningless |
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According to Karl Marx, which one of the following societies was based on ‘Natural Socialism’?
A. Hunting and gathering societies B. Ancient societies C. Agricultural societies D. Feudal societies |
A. Hunting and gathering societies
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32. What is Marxist’s point of view on religion?
A. Religion is really important for all societies B. Religion gives individuals purpose of life C. Religion is used as opium by the Bourgeoisie to exploit people D. All religions are good |
C.
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33. Which one of the following is one of the criticisms on conflict perspective?
A. Societies are not always under conflict B. Social conflict is rarely bipolarized C. Power is not always associated with property ownership D. All of the above |
D
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criticism of the conflict perspective
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Too much emphasis on economic organizations
Societies are not always under conflict Social conflict is rarely bipolarized Power is not always associated with property ownership Conflict does not always lead to social change |
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Most Western societies are facing a gradual decline in their population. Functionalists believe that it is not good for these societies. Which one of the following features of a society refers to this problem?
A. It is systematic B. It is integrated whole C. Individuals are indispensable D. All of the above |
C
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Which one of the following is one of the statements given by Max Weber on Bureaucracy?
A. Impersonality B. Hierarchy C. Clear labor of division D. All of the above |
D
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During Estate System, who helped the feudal lords to maintain their power and justified their injustices to the peasants?
A. Military B. Police C. Priest D. Judges |
C
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Based on our discussion on Max Weber, federal government of USA is based on?
A. Horizontal bureaucratic model B. Vertical bureaucratic model C. Both A and B D. None of the above |
B
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According to Durkheim, what is internal inequality?
A. Inequality based on personal characteristics B. Inequality based on the income of parents C. Inequality based on the education of parents D. All of the above |
A
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Which one of the following four nations has the highest fertility rate?
A. China B. Niger C. Ghana D. Somalia |
B
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Which nations tend to have very low infant mortality rates?
A. Poor nations B. Developing nations C. Under-developed nations D. Traditional nations |
B
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Which of the following four nations has the highest infant mortality rate?
A. Nigeria B. Chad C. Botswana D. Afghanistan |
D
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The author suggests that description, explanation, and prescription are three levels of analysis of inequality. Social scientists believe that there are economic, political, cultural, and religious reasons for this disparity. What level of knowledge is reflected in this statement?
A. Description B. Explanation C. Prescription D. None of the above |
B
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According to the author, which mode of knowledge tends to negate the existing perceptions of individuals on a variety of issues?
A. Political mode B. Economic mode C. Sociological mode D. Religious mode |
C
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Which one of the following statements best describes Lenski’s theory on inequality?
A. Lenski agreed with functional perspective B. Lenski agreed with conflict perspective C. Lenski agreed with both conflict and functional perspective leading to a middle ground D. None of the above |
C
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According to the author, at what time in history, there was relatively more equality in the USA?
A. After World War II B. In 1970s C. In 1990s D. In 2000s |
A
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in feudalism, ___ are ranked high
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landlords
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in modern societies, ___ are ranked high
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corporations
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Which one of the following statements best describes Lenski’s theory on inequality?
A. Lenski agreed with functional perspective B. Lenski agreed with conflict perspective C. Lenski agreed with both conflict and functional perspective leading to a middle ground D. None of the above |
C
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According to the author, at what time in history, there was relatively more equality in the USA?
A. After World War II B. In 1970s C. In 1990s D. In 2000s |
A
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in feudalism, ___ are ranked high
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landlords
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in modern societies, ___ are ranked high
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corporations
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problems of capitalism
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negates nature, exploitative system, creates more inequality
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progressive tax
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increases with your income
ex: income tax |
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flat tax
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...stays flat
ex: sales tax |
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problems with advertising?
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Create perceived desire or needs for products that are not necessary
Planned artificial obsolescence Influence on the contents of mass media Over-emphasis on consumer goods and services (leading to alienation?) |
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what kind of jobs are leaving the USA?
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service jobs
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political institution
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AN INTERRELATED NETWORK OR SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, ACTIVITIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT DIRECTS AND REGULATES THE COLLECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
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Hobbes, locke, rousseau
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Hobbes – by nature we are cruel, animalistic – fight fight fight – that’s how we are by nature
Locke – we’re nice, loving, cool Rousseau – we’re neither monsters or wonderful. Clean slate, tabula rosa. Our experiences affect us |
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social contract theory
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when we lived in small tribes/communities, the self-regulation was based on your values, traditions, customs, etc. through an evolutionary process, we started creating rules to govern ourselves.
It’s a social contract among citizens of a community. The beginning of formal social organization, |
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pluralist model
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THE PLURALIST MODEL SUGGESTS THAT INTEREST GROUPS AND LOBBYISTS WHO DO NOT REPRESENT ANY POLITICAL PARTY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS AT LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL
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machiavelli
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use force to rule
conflict perspective |
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CW Mills
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power elite model
a. SOCIAL POWER IN ALL SOCIETIES IS IN THE FEW HANDS KNOWN AS ELITES b. ELITES CONTROL THE MAJOR RESOURCES c. ELITES ALWAYS ENDEAVOR TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THEIR POWER d. THEY USE MEANS TO RULE THE SOCIETY e. THEY ARE USUALLY INVISIBLE IN LARGE SOCIETIES AND COMPLEX GOVERNMENTS f. DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES ARE ALWAYS RESISTED BY THE ELITES |
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socialization
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THE PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING SOCIALLY APPROPRIATE BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOR PATTERNS TO AN INDIVIDUAL (WALLACE AND WALLACE, 1989)
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biological bases of socialization (4)
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INSTINCTS
· CHILDHOOD DEPENDENCE · CAPACITY TO LEARN · LANGUAGE |
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I
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"I" IS CONSCIOUS, SPONTANEOUS, AND CREATIVE PART OF THE SELF. THIS PORTION OF PERSONALITY PROVIDES PAIN AND PLEASURE.
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Me
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THE "ME" ARISES FROM SOCIAL INTERACTION. THE ME MAKES ONE AWARE OF HOW ONE APPEARS TO OTHERS.
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ARISES FROM SOCIAL INTERACTION. MAKES ONE AWARE OF HOW ONE APPEARS TO OTHERS.
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me
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CONSCIOUS, SPONTANEOUS, AND CREATIVE PART OF THE SELF. THIS PORTION OF PERSONALITY PROVIDES PAIN AND PLEASURE.
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I
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sensorimotor stage
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0-2 years
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preoperational stage
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2-7 years old
Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play. Transductive reasoning. Can think about something without the object being present by use of language. Speech becomes more social, less egocentric. The child has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts in some areas. However, there is still a tendency to focus attention on one aspect of an object while ignoring others. Concepts formed are crude and irreversible. Easy to believe in magical increase, decrease, disappearance. Reality not firm. Perceptions dominate judgment. In moral-ethical realm, the child is not able to show principles underlying best behavior. Rules of a game not develop, only uses simple do's and don'ts imposed by authority. |
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concrete operational stage
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Evidence for organized, logical thought. There is the ability to perform multiple classification tasks, order objects in a logical sequence, and comprehend the principle of conservation. thinking becomes less transductive and less egocentric. The child is capable of concrete problem-solving.
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formal operation
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Thought becomes more abstract, incorporating the principles of formal logic. The ability to generate abstract propositions, multiple hypotheses and their possible outcomes is evident. Thinking becomes less tied to concrete reality.
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we create people we need in the corporate world through ___
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socialization
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ethnocentrism
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labeling other ethnic groups based on their own standards
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according to the immigration act of 1990, most visas are set aside for people from ___
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Ireland
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noel's theory of social stratification
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if there are more people compared to resources, those who dominate the resources will be superior. A matter of supply and demand – competition of resources. If you increase resources, there will be no stratification, no problems.
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prejudice
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Rigid, negative, and false generalizations about an entire category of people
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scapegoat theory
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The feelings of frustration and rage against injustices and oppression are directed to minorities
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economic indicators of poverty
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GNP and average income
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social indicators of poverty
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longevity (life expectance, infant mortality rate)
access to knowledge (literacy rates) standard of living (access to health services, clean water, etc) |
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recent biological theories on crime
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Sugar Intake
Vitamin Deficiency Hormonal Influences XYY Syndrome Twin Studies Adoption Studies Social Biology |
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social biology
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mixes biology with socialization
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id
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animalistic
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superego
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socialized
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ego
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compromise between id and ego
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margaret mead's conclusion
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her conclusion was that crime has nothing to do with your biology. As a women, you’re not smart or dumb because of biology. Everything is because of socialization. Period.
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how is gender inequality perceived by functionalists and conflict perspective?
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Functional perspective said division of labor (functional). Conflict perspective says its dysfunctional
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how does industrialization affect gender inequality
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In the beginning, gender inequality does not change. Then, the struggle of women, starting education, gradually and slowly they gain power. The gap between men and women begins to narrow.
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2 things to bridge the gap between men and women
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economic and political power can bridge the gender inequality gap
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which country has the lowest percentage of poor people?
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sweden
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how do rich people interact with the welfare system?
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rich are the ones who end up creating the welfare system that is beneficial to them. They make you believe that they spend a bulk of money on the welfare system. Political economy is interdependent on economy
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feminism
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a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing more rights and legal protection for women
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liberal feminism
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This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure.
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radical feminism
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Radical feminism is actually the breeding ground for many of the ideas arising from feminism; ideas which get shaped and pounded out in various ways by other (but not all) branches of feminism.
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marx and feminism
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Marxism recognizes that women are oppressed, and attributes the oppression to the capitalist/private property system. Thus they insist that the only way to end the oppression of women is to overthrow the capitalist system. Socialist feminism is the result of Marxism meeting radical feminism.
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how is inequality growing in America?
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economic restructuring in other countries, expanding trade, and changing technology
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All the beliefs and all the modes of conduct instituted by the collectivity” is the definition of:
A. Social Norms B. Social Institutions C. Accepted and expected behaviors in a society D. Social values |
B
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As you know children learn the language of their parents. Which one of the following concepts best explains this process?
A. Social control B. Socialization C. Traditions and values D. None of the above |
B
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The story of Melanie Griffith was used in our class to illustrate one of the following statements. Which one?
A. Advertisements and Consumerism creates perceived desire or needs for products that are not necessary B. Advertisements and Consumerism creates Planned artificial obsolescence C. Advertisements and Consumerism influences the contents of mass media D. Advertisements and Consumerism over- emphasize on consumer goods and services (leading to alienation) |
D
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According to the 2008 data, which country has the largest number of billionaires among the top ten of the world?
A. China B. USA C. Germany D. India |
D
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The video on Indian Dentists was used in our class to illustrate?
A. Inequality in the health system of India B. Globalization of health services C. Brain drain of Indian Doctors D. All of the above |
A
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The story of "David and Snake" was used to illustrate the power of socialization. Which one of the following uses the same principle to influence people?
A. Hypnotists B. Political leaders C. Advertisers D. All of the above |
D
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According to Jean Piaget, in which stage a child develops imagination and abstract thinking?
A. Sensorimotor stage B. Preoperational stage C. Concrete Operational stage D. Formal operational stage |
D
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Andrea is a third generation Italian American. She loves Italian food. How would C.H. Cooley interpret that?
A. This is Andrea’s instinctive behavior B. This is Andrea’s learned behavior C. This is Andrea’s inherited behavior D. All of the above |
B
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36. Which one of the following four nations has the lowest adult literacy rate for women?
A. Bolivia B. Pakistan C. Mali D. Chad |
C
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The Authors have listed 7 principles of ranking in the United States. Which one of the following is one of those principles of ranking?
A. Ranking varies according to the perceptions of people B. Rich people tend to rank people based on money C. Mobility makes ranking very easy D. All of the above |
B
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45. The story of Gulliver’s travels was used in our class to illustrate:
A. Competition among the rich and powerful B. Competition among politicians C. Competition among the rich and poor D. Competition among athletes |
C
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There are a number of considerations that play a significant role in the high school dating. Economic class is one of them. How does society create that economic bias in dating in our schools?
A. Parent do not encourage dating across economic classes B. Parents don’t encourage dating across different races C. American culture does not encourage dating across different economic classes D. Generally speaking, students go to the schools in the neighborhood they live in |
D
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49. According to the author, lately what has been the trend of social mobility?
A. There has been more upward social mobility B. There has been more downward social mobility C. There has been no social mobility at all D. There has been no clear trend in social mobility |
B
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Who was eligible for lottery visa scheme in the U.S.?
A. Family members of U.S. citizens B. Highly qualified professionals such as doctors, professors, and engineers C. People in occupations with labor shortage such as Nurses D. Citizens of under-represented countries |
d
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16. In our class, we talked about POET model and hunger. According to this model production, distribution, and access to food are responsible for hunger. Which of these three variables is the most important one?
A. Production of food B. Distribution of food C. Access to food D. None of the above |
C
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18. Which ethnic group has the largest total number of poor people in the USA?
A. White Americans B. African Americans C. Latin Americans D. Native Americans |
A
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35. What is labeling theory?
A. Labeling of individual as a criminal B. Labeling of an act as a crime C. Both A and B D. None of the above |
C
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Which nation has the lowest percent of women in their parliament?
A. Burundi B. Niger C. Burkina Faso D. Sierra Leone |
B
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According to the data, which one of the following nations had more women in the federal government cabinet (Ministers) than men?
A. Norway B. Japan C. Belgium D. Sweden |
D
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During our discussion on C.W. Mill’s Power Elite Model, we gave the example of Dick Cheney, the V.P. of USA., as one of the power elites. This example was used in particular to illustrate?
A. Interchange of personnel B. Shared life style and values C. Common social background D. Campaign financing |
A
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Which one of the following welfare programs was introduced in 1930's?
A. Food stamps B. Medicare C. Medicaid D. Social security |
D
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Social networking is very common among?
A. Capitalist class B. Upper middle class C. Middle class D. Working class |
A
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