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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the Transverse Scapular Ligament
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The superior transverse scapular ligament bridges the scapular notch, and the suprascapular nerve passes beneath the ligament while the suprascapular artery usually passes above it to reach the supraspinatus fossa.
Both the suprascapular nerve and artery pass beneath the inferior transverse scapular ligament to reach the infraspinatus fossa. |
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Glenohumeral Joint Type
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ball-and-socket type of synovial joint that permits a wide range of movement; however, its mobility makes the joint relatively unstable.
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Articulation of the Glenohumeral Joint
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large, round humeral head articulates with the relatively shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula, which is deepened slightly but effectively by the ring-like, fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum (L., lip).
Both articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage. |
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Glenohumeral Joint Innervation
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suprascapular nerve
axillary nerve lateral pectoral nerve |
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Glenohumeral Joint Blood Supply
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anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
branches of the suprascapular artery |
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Describe the Glenohumeral Ligaments
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three fibrous bands, evident only on the internal aspect of the capsule, that strengthen the anterior part of the joint capsule.
radiate laterally and inferiorly from the glenoid labrum at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and blend distally with the fibrous layer of the capsule as it attaches to the anatomical neck of the humerus. |
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Describe the Coracohumeral Ligament
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a strong broad band that passes from the base of the coracoid process to the anterior aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus
strengthens the capsule superiorly |
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Describe the Glenoid Labrum
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ring-like, fibrocartilaginous
deepens the glenoid cavity where the humeral head articulates with the scapula |
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Sternoclavicular Joint Type
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addle type of synovial joint but functions as a ball-and-socket joint
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Sternoclavicular Joint Articulation
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the only articulation between the upper limb and the axial skeleton
sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium and the 1st costal cartilage. articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage. |
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Describe the Anterior and Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligaments
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reinforce the joint capsule anteriorly and posteriorly
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Describe the Interclavicular Ligament
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strengthens the SC Joint capsule superiorly.
extends from the sternal end of one clavicle to the sternal end of the other clavicle. also attached to the superior border of the manubrium |
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Describe the Costoclavicular Ligament
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anchors the inferior surface of the sternal end of the clavicle to the 1st rib and its costal cartilage, limiting elevation of the pectoral girdle.
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Sternoclavicular Joint Blood Supply
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internal thoracic and suprascapular arteries
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Sternoclavicular Joint Nerve Supply
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Branches of the medial supraclavicular nerve and the nerve to the subclavius
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Describe the Acromioclavicular Joint and Type
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a plane type of synovial joint, which is located 2–3 cm from the “point” of the shoulder formed by the lateral part of the acromion
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Acromioclavicular Joint Articulation
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The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
The articular surfaces, covered with fibrocartilage, are separated by an incomplete wedge-shaped articular disc |
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Describe the Acromioclavicular Ligament
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is a fibrous band extending from the acromion to the clavicle that strengthens the AC joint superiorly (the integrity of the AC joint is maintained by extrinsic ligaments, distant from the joint itself)
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Describe the Coracoclavicular Ligament
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a strong pair of bands that unite the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, anchoring the clavicle to the coracoid process.
consists of two ligaments, the conoid and trapezoid ligaments, which are often separated by a bursa. provides the means by which the scapula and free limb are (passively) suspended from the clavicular strut. |
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Describe the Conoid Ligament
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vertical
an inverted triangle (cone), which has its apex inferiorly where it is attached to the root of the coracoid process. Its wide attachment (base of the triangle) is to the conoid tubercle on the inferior surface of the clavicle. |
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Describe the Trapezoid Ligament
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nearly horizontal
attached to the superior surface of the coracoid process and extends laterally to the trapezoid line on the inferior surface of the clavicle |
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Acromioclavicular Joint Blood Supply
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suprascapular and thoraco-acromial arteries
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Acromioclavicular Joint Nerve Supply
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lateral pectoral and axillary nerves
consistent with the joint’s subcutaneous location and the fact that no muscles cut across the joint, innervation is also provided by the subcutaneous lateral supraclavicular nerve |
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Describe the Coraco-acromial Ligament
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span between the the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula
the three form the extrinsic, protective structure, the coraco-acromial arch |
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Describe the Elbow Joint and Type
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hinge type of synovial joint
located 2–3 cm inferior to the epicondyles of the humerus |
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Elbow Joint Articulation
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The spool-shaped trochlea and spheroidal capitulum of the humerus articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulna (humeroulnar articuation) and the slightly concave superior aspect of the head of the radius (humeroradial articulation)
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Describe the Radial Collateral Ligament
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lateral, fan-like thickening of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and blends distally with the anular ligament of the radius |
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Describe the Anular Ligament of the Radius
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blends with the Radial Collateral Ligament to encircle and hold the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna, forming the proximal radio-ulnar joint and permitting pronation and supination of the forearm.
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Describe the Proximal Radioulnar Joint and Type
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a pivot type of synovial joint that allows movement of the head of the radius on the ulna
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Describe the Ulnar Collateral Ligament
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medial, triangular
extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna and consists of three bands: (1) the anterior cord-like band is the strongest, (2) the posterior fan-like band is the weakest, and (3) the slender oblique band deepens the socket for the trochlea of the humerus. |
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Elbow Joint Blood Supply
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derived from the anastomosis around the elbow joint
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Elbow Joint Nerve Supply
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musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve ulnar nerve |
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Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint Ariculation
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The head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
The radial head is held in position by the anular ligament of the radius. |
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Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint Blood Supply
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radial portion of the periarticular arterial anastomosis of the elbow joint (radial and middle collateral arteries anastomosing with the radial and recurrent interosseous arteries, respectively)
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Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint Innervation
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musculocutaneous, median, and radial nerves.
Pronation is a function of the median nerve Supination is a function of the musculocutaneous and radial nerves |
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Describe the Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint and Type
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inferior, a pivot type of synovial joint
The radius moves around the relatively fixed distal end of the ulna. |
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Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Articulation
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rounded head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch on the medial side of the distal end of the radius.
fibrocartilaginous, triangular articular disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint binds the ends of the ulna and radius together and is the main uniting structure of the joint |
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Describe the Triangular Disc
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Base is attached to the medial edge of the ulnar notch of the radius
Apex is attached to the lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the ulna. Proximal surface articulates with the distal aspect of the head of the ulna. separates the cavity of the distal radio-ulnar joint from the cavity of the wrist joint. |
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Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Blood Supply
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anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
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Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Innervation
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anterior and posterior interosseous nerves
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Describe the Interosseous Membrane
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thin, fibrous, strong middle radio-ulnar joint
firmly ties the forearm bones (radius and ulna) together while permitting pronation and supination provides the proximal attachment for some deep forearm muscles. |
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Describe the Radiocarpal Joint and Type
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wrist; a condyloid (ellipsoid) type of synovial joint.
position of the joint is indicated approximately by a line joining the styloid processes of the radius and ulna, or by the proximal wrist crease |
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Describe the Wrist
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(carpus)
the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones, articulating proximally with the forearm via the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. |
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Radiocarpal Joint Articulation
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distal end of the radius and articular disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones, except for the pisiform.
ulna does not participate |
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Describe the Pisiform relative to the Wrist
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acts primarily as a sesamoid bone, increasing the leverage of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU).
lies in a plane anterior to the other carpal bones, articulating with only the triquetrum. |
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Describe the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments
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pass from the radius to the two rows of carpals
strong and directed so that the hand follows the radius during supination of the forearm |
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Describe the Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligaments
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take the same direction as the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments so that the hand follows the radius during pronation of the forearm
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Describe the Ulnar Collateral Ligament
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strengthens the wrist joint medially
is attached to the ulnar styloid process and triquetrum |
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Describe the Radial Collateral Ligament
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strengthens the wrist joint laterally
attached to the radial styloid process and scaphoid. |
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Flexion of the wrist joint is produced by:
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the FCR and FCU, with assistance from the flexors of the fingers and thumb, the palmaris longus and the APL
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Extension of the wrist joint is produced by:
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the ECRL, ECRB, and ECU, with assistance from the extensors of the fingers and thumb.
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Abduction of the wrist joint is produced by:
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the APL, FCR, ECRL, and ECRB; it is limited to approximately 15° because of the projecting radial styloid process.
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Adduction of the wrist joint is produced by:
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simultaneous contraction of the ECU and FCU.
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Wrist Joint Blood Supply
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branches of the dorsal and palmar carpal arches
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Wrist Joint Innervation
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derived from the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve, the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve, and the dorsal and deep branches of the ulnar nerve
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Describe the Intercarpal Joints and Type
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interconnect the carpal bones, are plane synovial joints
Joints between the carpal bones of the proximal row. Joints between the carpal bones of the distal row. The midcarpal joint The pisotriquetral joint |
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Describe the Midcarpal Joint
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a complex joint between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones.
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Describe the Pisotriquetral Joint
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formed from the articulation of the pisiform with the palmar surface of the triquetrum.
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Describe the Ligaments of the Intercarpal Joints
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The carpals are united by anterior, posterior, and interosseous ligaments
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Intercarpal Joint Blood Supply
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arteries supplying the IC joints are derived from the dorsal and palmar carpal arches
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Intercarpal Joint Innervation
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anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve
dorsal and deep branches of the ulnar nerve |
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Carpometacarpal Joint Type
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plane type of synovial joint, except for the CMC joint of the thumb, which is a saddle joint
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Intermetacarpal Joint Type
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plane type of synovial joint
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Carpometacarpal Joint Articulation
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The distal surfaces of the carpals of the distal row articulate with the carpal surfaces of the bases of the metacarpals
CMC joint of the thumb is between the trapezium and the base of the 1st metacarpal; it has a separate articular cavity. |
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Intermetacarpal Joint Articulation
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adjacent metacarpals articulate with each other
occur between the radial and ulnar aspects of the bases of the metacarpals. |
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Describe Carpometacarpal Joint Ligaments
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palmar and dorsal CMC ligaments and interosseous IM ligaments unite bones in the region of the CMC joint
superficial and deep transverse metacarpal ligaments (the former part of the palmar aponeurosis), associated with the distal ends of the metacarpals, limit movement at the CMC and IM joints as they limit separation of the metacarpal heads |
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Carpometacarpal Joint Blood Supply
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periarticular arterial anastomoses of the wrist and hand
(dorsal and palmar carpal arches, deep palmar arch, and metacarpal arteries) |
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Carpometacarpal Joint Innervation
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anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve
posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve dorsal and deep branches of the ulnar nerve |
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Describe Metacarpophalangeal Joints and Type
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MP Joints
the condyloid type of synovial joint that permit movement in two planes: flexion–extension and adduction–abduction. |
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Describe the Interphalangeal Joints and Type
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IP Joints
the hinge type of synovial joint that permit flexion–extension only |
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Metacarpophalangeal Joint Articulations
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The heads of the metacarpals articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanges
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Interphalangeal Joint Articulations
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the heads of the phalanges articulate with the bases of more distally located phalanges
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Describe Ligaments of the MC and IP Joints
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The fibrous layer of each MC and IP joint capsule is strengthened by two (medial and lateral) collateral ligaments.
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Describe Collateral Ligaments in MC and IP Joints
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have two parts:
Denser cord-like parts that pass distally from the heads of the metacarpals and phalanges to the bases of the phalanges Thinner fan-like parts that pass anteriorly to attach to thick, densely fibrous or fibrocartilaginous plates, the palmar ligaments (plates), which form the palmar aspect of the joint capsule. |
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Describe the Function of the Fan-Like Parts of Collateral Ligaments
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cause the palmar ligaments to move like a visor over the underlying metacarpal or phalangeal heads.
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Describe the Function of the Cord-Like Parts of Collateral Ligaments
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eccentrically attached to the metacarpal heads
slack during extension and taut during flexion. the fingers cannot usually be spread (abducted) when the MP joints are fully flexed. |
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Describe Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligaments
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hold the heads of the metacarpals together.
unite the palmar ligaments of the 2nd–5th MP joints |
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Blood Supply Of MC and IP Joints
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Deep digital arteries that arise from the superficial palmar arches
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Innervation Of MC and IP Joints
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Digital nerves arising from the ulnar and median nerves
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Describe Palmar Plates
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palmar ligaments
are modifications of the anterior aspect of the MP and IP joint capsules. |
