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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
--- Q1 - Disheveled and β-catenin proteins ---
--- Role specifying vegetal cells? Relation to logic circuits? --- 1) *** prevents degradation of *** in ***(area) of ***(cell). *** then specifies 2) cells to become micromeres by entering *** & *** w/***(***) to activate 3) gene expression via *** ***. These micromere cells become *** and 4) ***, specify *** half of embryo, and give rise to ***(structure). Non-micromere 5) cells become ***. Micromere specification uses the *** *** *** circuit. If 6) level 1 is active, then level 2 is ***, and then level 3 is ***. |
1) Disheveled --- β-catenin --- vegetal cortex --- ooctye --- β-catenin
2) nuclei --- combining --- TCF(T-cell Factor) 3) Wnt pathway --- transformed --- endoderm 4) mesoderm --- vegetal --- archenteron 5) ectoderm --- double negative gated 6) not active --- active |
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--- Q2 - French Flag Analogy ---
--- Explain & Example --- 1) The *** diffuses from site of ***(***) to site of ***(***). *** of flag 2) cells differentiate into ***, ***,or ***. Other tissues using same 3) gradient respond ***. Analogy uses French and *** flags. 4) Picture... **/**/**/** flags used w/regions transplanted from... 5) Picture... *** VS *** --- TOP LEFT > MIDDLE > BOTTOM RIGHT 6) ***(species) cells from ***(state) *** leg are placed in *** of 7) ***. These cells are *** to being leg cells and respond to 8) *** in gradient becoming ***. |
1) morphogen --- synthesis/source --- degradation/sink --- Rows
2) red, white, or blue 3) differently --- American 4) French/American/Hybrid/Hybrid --- TWO unique sector locations 5) Cell color --- morphogen thresholds --- source > gradient > sink 6) Drosophila --- developing --- middle --- tip 7) antennae --- committed 8) position --- claws |
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--- Q3 - Bicoid & Nanos/Caudal Specification ---
--- Type Used & Explain in Fruit Fly --- 1) As a general rule, insects use *** specification during *** and 2) *** after *** occurs forming ***. In the fruit fly, concentrations of 3) *** are highest at the anterior end and *** at the posterior end 4) This creates two *** *** with different protein *** at each 5) location. This ratio instructs *** of their *** on the ***-*** axis. |
1) syncytial --- development
2) conditional specification --- cellularization --- blastoderm 3) Bicoid protein --- caudal protein 4) opposing gradients --- ratios 5) nuclei --- location --- anterior-posterior |
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--- Q4 - Acrosomal Reaction ---
1) (*******) AKA ZP3 is a *** kDa glycoprotein in the *** egg which 2) binds sperm surface protein ***, ***, and ***. 3) Sperm *** a "*** *** ***" where flagellum produces vigorous 4) ***-*** movements propelling sperm toward *** of the *** *** 5) via ***. Glycoproteins on sperm bind with glycoproteins on 6) *** of egg where *** *** begins. ***(enzyme) ***(verb) 7) ZP and membrane of the egg. Sperm's cell membrane *** 8) with egg membrane and *** of acrosomal vesicle *** into egg in 9) a process mediated by ***. The (acrosomal ***) *** outward 10) by ***(reaction) of *** molecules producing ***(structure). |
1) Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3 --- 83 --- mouse
2) galactosyltransferase, sp56 and P95 3) acquire --- hyperactive motility pattern 4) whip-like --- ampulla --- fallopian tube 5) chemotaxis 6) ZP --- acrosome reaction --- Acrosin digests 7) fuses 8) contents --- sink 9) mediated -- Ca2+ -- process extends- 10) polymerization -- actin microfilaments |
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--- Q5 - Sea Urchin Species-Specific ---
--- Draw and Explain Importance --- 1) Titles: TOP = ***; LEFT = ***. Inside the four blocks are *** *** & *** 2) showing either *** or ***. Bindin is a *** kDa protein on sperm 3) *** *** differing between ***-*** ***. Bindin's receptor, located on egg ***, 4) is a *** kDa glycoprotein called ***. Together creating species-specific recognition. 5) Important because: ensures egg fertilized *** w/***/*** sperm; ensures 6) ***/*** *** is not *** *** which would stop fertilization with *** sperm; 7) EBR1 ***/*** the number of possible sperm binding reducing *** of 8) *** which causes *** *** in most species. |
1) Sperm Bindin --- Dejellied Eggs --- bindin particles --- eggs
2) agglutination --- no agglutination --- 30.5 3) acrosomal process --- closely-related species --- microvillus 4) 350 --- EBR1 5) ONLY --- compatible/viable 6) slow/fast block --- prematurely initiated --- viable 7) controls/limits --- risk 8) polyspermy --- embryo death |
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--- Q6 - Ig Ca2+ & Egg Activation ---
1) Two mechanism for egg activation. One is *** to fusion and 2) one is ***. Prior happens when *** activates a egg 3) *** ***(class) and an *** receptor on the ****** of ****** with 4) ***(***) causing them to release ***. The mechanism *** egg 5) activation is the same except *** by *** ***. 6) *** techniques are used either *** or *** through the *** of *** to 7) ***(***-*** *** *** ***) located in the 8) ****** of ******. The direct method uses only *** *** Ig 9) and the indirect uses *** *** Ig and *** Ig. |
1) PRIOR --- fusion
2) AFTER --- bindin --- membrane 3) RTK receptor --- IP3 receptor --- ER --- CG 4) IP3(inositol trisphosphate) --- Ca2+ --- after 5) initiated --- soluble activators 6) Immunocytochemistry --- directly --- indirectly --- binding --- Ig 7) CDCrC(Calcium-dependent calcium release channels) 8) ER --- CG --- tagged primary 9) tagged secondary --- primary Ig |
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--- Q7 - Blastocoel ---
1) First theory, blastocoel fluid becomes *** with *** *** causing *** *** of 2) into blastocoel cavity pushing *** ***. Second theory, cells *** to *** 3) *** allow ***. Current view is a combination of both with *** in early 4) stages and *** *** in later stages. 5) *** *** is secreted into *** hyaline *** *** layer causing it to *** H2O and 6) swell. The *** hyaline layer does not *** but ***. *** creates movement of *** into 7) blastocoel. *** *** of ***(tissue) causes archenteron to extend greatly by *** of 8) *** *** ***. |
1) syrupy --- its proteins --- H2O influx
2) blastomere --- outward --- attached --- hyaline 3) layer --- expansion --- hyaline --- 4) blastocoel pressure 5) Chondroitin sulfate --- inner --- fibropellin protein ---absorb 6) outer --- swell --- buckles --- Epiboly --- blastoderm 7) Convergent extension --- chordamesoderm --- intercalation 8) embryonic shield cells |
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--- Q8 - Frog Blastopore Positioning ---
--- Describe lead up. Axes specified? --- 1) *** axis determined before fertilization; *** and *** axes after fertilization. 2) Site of Sperm Entry becomes *** and site opposite called *** *** becomes 3) ***. #% into *** cleavage, *** cytoplasm rotates # *** to *** cytoplasm 4) through ***, *** ***, and ***(*** to movement) found between two layers 5) of cytoplasm. *** begins at site of *** *** *** which is at *** ***. These 6) microtubules are seen *** before rotation and *** thereafter. Near end of first 7) cycle, cytoplasm ***, *** have met, DNA is ***, and new *** formed. |
1) Animal-vegetal --- Dorsal-Ventral --- Anterior-Posterior
2) ventral --- Gray Crescent 3) DORSAL --- 80% --- 1st --- cortical --- 30° relative --- inner 4) Motors --- ATPase kinesin --- microtubules --- parallel 5) Gastrulation --- greatest cytoplasmic displacement --- Gray Crescent 6) immediately --- disappear 7) rearranged --- pronuclei --- replicating --- proteins |
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--- Q9 – MPF Regulation ---
1) There are two subunits of MPF(***-*** ***). Subunit CDC2(*** *** ***) *** is 2) the *** subunit controlling ***/***. Subunit CyclinB allows *** residues to be 3) *** w/*** thereby *** *** activity. Residues *** and *** must be dePed and 4) *** must be Ped. 5) In period 1A, MPF is *** from *** *** ***. Includes diagrams ***. 6) In period 1B, MPF is regulated by *** *** *** ***. Includes diagrams ***. 7) In period 2, MPF is regulated by *** *** ***. Includes ***. 8) [1] *** *** *** w/*** 9) [2] *** *** 10) [3] *** 11) [4] *** *** w/*** 12) [5] ***/*** *** |
1) maturation-promoting factor --- (Cell Division Cycle) phosphorylase
2) catalytic --- mitosis/M phase --- CDC2 3) modified --- P --- controlling MPF --- T-14 --- Y-15 4) T-161 5) active --- maternal string protein --- [1] 6) maternal mRNA cyclinB translation --- [1][2][3] 7) zygotic string protein --- [1][2][3][4][5] 8) [1]Active MPF complex w/T161. 9) [2]CyclinB degradation. 10) [3]CDC2. 11) [4]Pre-MPF complex w/T14/Y15/T161. 12) [5]CDC25/string phosphatase |
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--- Q10 - Evidence ---
1) *** evidence(weakest) 2) Definition 3) Example 4) *** evidence(strong) 5) Definition 6) Example 6) *** evidence(strongest) 7) Definition 8) Example 9) Coherence: Acceptance of evidence when... |
1) Correlative
2) Correlations inferring causal relationship 3) meeting of egg and sperm causes Ca2+ wave. Ca2+ wave causes fertilization 4) Functional 5) Absence of postulated cause associated with absence of effect 6) calcium chelator EDTA added before fertilization. Ca2+ failed to activate egg 6) Gain-of-Function 7) Initiation of first event causes second event even when neither normally occur 8) calcium ionophores added. Ca2+ release. egg activated 9) it fits into system of other findings |
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--- Q11- Specification & Determination ---
--- Define and Contrast --- 1) *** is reversible and *** is irreversible. *** cell is autonomous 2) ONLY if left in its normal environment. *** cell is autonomous 3) regardless of its environment. Specification Mechanisms are 4) ***, ***, and *** specification. Vertebrate cell specification use 5) ***, Invertebrate use ***, Insect use ***. *** specification involves 6) interactions w/neighboring cells. *** *** is the ability of 7) EMBRYONIC cells to change cell *** for compensation in *** 8) specification. *** is controlled by mRNA/proteins in egg. 9) *** specification causes variable cleavage produces unique cell 10) fates. Relative position of cells is important to *** specification. 11) *** invariant cleavage & *** cell fates. *** specification 12) precedes cell migration. Cell migration precedes or 13) accompanies in *** specification. *** specification has variable 14) cleavage producing no rigid cell fates for particular Nuclei. |
1) Specification --- Determination --- Specified
2) Determined 3) 4) Autonomous, Conditional, and Syncytial 5) Conditional --- Autonomous --- Syncytial --- Conditional 6) Regulative Development 7) fate --- Conditional 8) Autonomous 9) Conditional 10) conditional 11) Autonomous --- uniform --- Autonomous 12) 13) conditional --- Syncytial 14) |
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--- Q12 - Nonequivalence of Mammalian pronuclei ---
1) The human *** called *** *** resembles *** *** often arises from *** sperm 2) fertilizing an egg where the *** is ***. After entering the egg the sperm 3) chromosome *** themselves restoring *** chromosome number and thus the entire 4) chromosome is *** from the sperm. The eggs of many *** and some 5) ***(no ***) are able to develop *** in the absence of sperm which is called 6) ***(*** ***). *** experiments have shown M&F *** are needed for 7) normal development. Male or female pronuclei can be *** from recently 8) fertilized *** eggs and *** with other *** fertilized eggs creating one w/2 male or 9) 2 female pronuclei.(*** pronuclei distinguished because it's *** the *** ***) 10) Embryonic *** occurs in these embryos; however, *** fail to develop while some 11) of the *** develop ***. |
1) tumor --- hydatidiform mole --- placental tissue --- haploid
2) pronuclei --- absent 3) duplicate --- diploid 4) derived --- invertebrates 5) vertebrates --- mammals --- normally 6) parthenogenesis --- virgin birth --- Transplantation --- pronuclei 7) removed 8) mouse --- swapped --- recently 9) female --- under --- polar body 10) cleavage --- homozygotes --- heterozygotes 11) normally |
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--- CDC25 phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for ***. During first nuclear cycles # - # this 2) protein is synthesized from *** *** *** and on cycle # 3) the mRNA is ***. During cycles # - # the *** complex is 4) *** at residues *** and ***. This creates high levels of 5) *** which allows for *** cell divisions. |
1) Cell Division Cycle --- 1-13
2) maternal string mRNA - 14 3) degraded --- 1-7 --- pre-MPF 4) dePed --- T14 and Y15 5) Active MPF --- fast |
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--- CDC2 Phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for *** *** ***. It is the *** subunit of the 2) *** and is responsible for the execution of ***. The other 3) subunit *** allows the three residues of CDC2 to be 4) modified w/P which controls MPF complex ***. Residue 5) *** must be Ped & residues *** and *** must be dePed. |
1) CELL DIVISION CYCLE --- catalytic
2) MPF complex --- mitotic (M) phase 3) CyclinB 4) activity 5) T-161 --- T-14 and Y-15 |