Kin 3318 - Exam 1

The scientific study of people and their behavior in sport and exercise contexts

Scientific inquiry is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical.

It is also controlled in so far as researchers conducting an experiment want to ensure that changes in the independent (or predictor) variable of interest is the only thing that causes a change in an outcome (i.e., dependent) variable.

1. Educational (research, teaching, consulting)

2. Clinical - licensed to work with athletes with severe emotional or psychological problems (e.g. Depression, eating disorders)

Note: not all sport psychology professionals are qualified to deal with both 1 and 2

- early 20th century

- Father of Sport Psychology in North America

- 1st sport psychology lab at University of Illinois; lab is still running

- Father of Applied Sport Psychology

- took control of applying research to athletes

- wrote "Problem Athletes and How to Handle Them"

- from SJSU; sport psychologist to major Hollywood stars

- Father of Modern Sport Psychology

- social psychology and physical activity

- Human Kinetic Publishing

- played baseball

Shows type A behavior patterns are associated with heart disease and appear to be altered via exercise. Also shows that exercise and increased fitness appear to be associated with increased fitness appear to be associated with increased in self-esteem especially in individuals with low self-esteem.

Openness to experience - originality, need for variety, curiosity

Conscientiousness - constraint, achievement striving, self-discipline

Extraversion - enthusiasm, sociability, assertiveness

Agreeableness - amiability, altruism, modesty

Neuroticism - nervousness, anxiety, depression, anger

- All the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations.

- Personality is made up of our psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior

Psychodynamic, trait, situational, interactional

- some relationship exists between personality traits and states and sport performance, but it is far from perfect or precise.

- The link between personality and athletic performance is tenuous at best.

- a central and perennial issue in psychology

- a central and perennial issue in psychology- concerned with all aspects of behavioral activation and intention- energy, direction, and persistence

- a central and perennial issue in psychology- concerned with all aspects of behavioral activation and intention- energy, direction, and persistence

- concerned with all aspects of behavioral activation and intention- energy, direction, and persistence

- Intrinsic- engaging in behavior for the inherent pleasure or satisfaction

- Extrinsic- motivation that is induced by a force external to or outside the individual

- Amotivation- relative absence of motivation or lack of intention to engage in a behavior

- environments that promote or foster individuals' sense of competence, autonomy, and relatedness will produce beneficial well-being and motivational consequences

- a subtheory of SDT that focuses upon social and environmental factors that elicit and sustain (versus subdue and diminish) intrinsic motivation

- assumes that intrinsic motivation is inherent and that it will flourish if circumstances permit

- differentiates the types of extrinsic motivation

- they vary in their degree of autonomy (the amount of choice you have)

- Example: children play sports because their friends are vs. Because their parents force them to.

(High to low)

1. Intrinsic Motivation

2. Integrated Regulation

3. Identified regulation

4. Introjected regulation

5. External regulation

6. Amotivation

Lacking the intention to act for whatever reason, usually due to no confidence.

Doing the activity for something outside joy and satisfaction. I.e., for scholarship money, to win; anything outside of you.

An injured player returning to play for the team to avoid feeling guilty

Activity accepted but not pleasant or fun. I.e., running a marathon to say you did It, but it wasn't exactly fun

Basically intrinsic motivation; doing something not only because you enjoy it but also because of something else outside of that enjoyment (i.e., getting paid)

Provide sport and exercise environments that are conducive to autonomy, relatedness, and competence.

Dorothy Harris

Psychology of women as a sub discipline emerged and grew rapidly in the 1970s.

- identifies early women pioneers

- recognizes that these women were pioneers

Carolyn Sherif

Female soccer players

Neuroticism and Conscientiousness

1925

1932

Harold "Red" Grange

Griffith's work became a model for sport and exercise psychologists. Psychologists began to test athletes, assessing reaction times, concentration, personality, and aggression.

1920 - 1940 (20 years)