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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 components of fitness
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Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Muscular Strength Flexibility Body Composition |
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Cardiorespiratory endurance myths
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System development restricts activity
Kids already get enough activity |
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Factors that affect anaerobic output
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body composition (fat mass)
Amount of fat-free mass Resistance to acidosis Mobilization rate of o2 delivery system |
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Anaerobic output: Kids vs Adults
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Adults have larger energy stores
Adults have more muscle mass Adults = higher power output (peak and average) |
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Measure of Anaerobic Capacity
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Maximum o2 deficit body can tolerate
rate of activity |
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Effects of Aging on Anaerobic Capacity
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Reduced muscle mass
Sooner accumulation of lactic acid Loss of up to 50% anaerobic power results from lack of training |
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Aerobic output: kids vs adults
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Kids: hypokinetic (less cardiac output)
Smaller hearts, higher heart rate to compensate Lower o2 carrying capacity, less hemoglobin More efficient o2 transport (extracts more o2) Faster utilization of aerobic system |
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Aerobic changes into adulthood
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Heart size increase
Hemoglobin concentration increase o2 extraction efficiency DECREASES |
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o2 uptake rate: boys vs girls
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In boys:
Linear increase from age 4 through adolescence Girls: Linear increase from age 4 til end of puberty (age 12-13) |
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o2 upatake relative to body weight
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Boys: stable
Girls: declines slightly with age (fat mass) |
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Aerobic changes with aging, Structural
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Loss of cardiac muscle
Loss of cardiac muscle elasticity Thickening of left ventricle Stiffening of arteries and valves |
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Aerobic changes with aging, Functional
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lower cardiac output (lower stroke volume and max heart rate)
Peripheral blood flow maintained Hemoglobin count maintained |
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Trigger Hypothesis
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Katch 1983
Substantial training effect requires ample amount of hormones, a level not reached until puberty. Insignificant training effect in preadolescents. After puberty, training shows significant training effects |
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Sociocultrual Constraints
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A type of environmental constraint
i.e. Gender roles Social values, morals, ideals |
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Socialization process
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Process of learning a social role within groups
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3 elements of socialization
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Socializing agents (parents, peers, teachers)
Social situations (games, play environment) Personal attitudes (perceived sport ability) |
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Self-esteem is influenced by:
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Social interactions (appraisal or discouragement)
Emotions (enjoyment, disappointment) |
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Knowledge as a constraint
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Individual constraint
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Types of knowledge
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Declarative (factual information)
Procedural (how-to information specific to topic) Strategic (general rules and strategies) |
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Types of memory
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Short Term Sensory Stores
(Limitless stores, lasts 1 sec) Short Term Memory (7 items, Lasts 1-60sec) Long Term Memory (Limitless stores, lasts forever) |
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Reaction Time
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Time to initiate a response once a stimulus is detected
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Aging and Reaction time
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Reaction time slowed
New tasks take longer to learn (slower cognitive functions) More susceptible to distraction CNS problems (neural noise) Harder to make decisions based on perceptual info |
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Aging with activity: reaction time
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Activity minimizes slowing of cognitive functions
Aging active adult has reaction time similar to that of a young adult due to increased oxygenation of tissue or from enhanced or maintained production of neurotransmitters |
