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363 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
when the foot is flat, which way does the external moment want to push the ankle?
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into plantarflexion
|
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when the foot is flat, which way is the internal moment?
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dorsiflexion
|
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when the foot is flat, is there a flexion or extension external moment on the knee?
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flexion
|
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when the foot is flat, is there an external flexion or extension moment on the hip?
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flexion
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at midstance, is the external ankle moment towards dorsiflexion or plantarflexion?
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dorsiflexion
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at midstance, is the external knee moment towards flexion or extension?
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slight extension
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at midstance, is the external moment of the hip towards flexion or extension?
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extension
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at heel off, is the external moment of the hip towards flexion or extension?
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extension
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at heel off, is the external moment of the knee towards flexion or extension?
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slight extension
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what percentage of the gait cycle is the stance phase?
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60%
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what percentage of the gait cycle is the swing phase?
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40%
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this is considered heel to heel on the same side
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gait cycle
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how many steps are there per gait cycle?
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2
|
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how many stride lengths are there per gait cycle?
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1
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this side step length is from right heel contact to left heel contact
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left step length
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this is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the foot and gait progression
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foot angle
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what is the approximate normal foot angle value?
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about 7º
|
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this is the number of steps per minute
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cadence
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what is the normal cadence of walking?
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about 110 steps per minute
|
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what is the surgeon general's walking recommendation?
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about 10,000 steps (5 miles) per day
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this is the measure of gait distance over time
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velocity
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what is the normal range of walking velocity for adults?
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1.2-1.5 m/s (about 3 mph)
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at least how much hip extension is needed for walking?
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10º
|
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at least how much knee flexion is needed for walking
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70º (but ideally want 90 or more)
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at least how much ankle dorsiflexion is needed for walking?
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10º
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at heel strike, does the tibia internally or externally rotate?
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internally
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at heel strike, does the subtalar joint invert or evert?
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evert
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what position is the ankle in at heel strike?
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dorsiflexion
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what position is the ankle in at push off?
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plantarflexion
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about how many degrees does the pelvis rotate in the transverse plane during gait?
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about 4º in each direction
|
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during what phase of gait does the hip drop to cause frontal plane pelvic rotation?
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swing
|
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what are five kinematic strategies that help to minimize energy expenditure and control the center of mass during gait?
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(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation (3) stance phase knee flexion (4) frontal plane pelvic rotation (5) step width; knee valgus |
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this is the tendency of a force to make a rigid body rotate around an axis
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moment/torque
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moment x angular velocity
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power
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the sum of the net extensor moments at the ankle, knee, and hip; prevents collapse during the weight bearing stage of gait
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support moment
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what are three ways to shift the GRF anteriorly to extend the knee?
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(1) use gluts to extend hips
(2) use quads to extend knee (3) use gastroc/plantarflexors |
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this moment is the effect of gravity/outside forces
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external
|
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this moment is the way that the body responds to outside forces
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internal moment
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what type of muscle contraction has a positive power, or creates energy?
|
concentric
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what type of muscle contraction has a negative power, or absorbs energy?
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eccentric
|
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at 0% of the gait cycle (heel strike) how is the tibialis anterior acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?
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eccentrically controlling plantarflexion
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at 60% of the giat cycle, how is tibialis anterior acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?
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concentrically dorsiflexing
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at 30-50% of the gait cycle, how is the gastroc acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?
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eccentrically controlling dorsiflexion
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between 50 and 60% of the gait cycle, how is the gastroc acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?
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concentrically plantarflexing
|
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at 40-60% of the gait cycle, how is the fibularis longus acting and what motion is it doing/controlling?
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concentrically plantarflexing and stabilizing the transverse arch and first ray
|
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from 80% of the gait cycle until heel strike of the next cycle, how is the vastus lateralis acting to accept weight?
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eccentrically
|
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starting at about 80% and continuing into 10% of the next gait cycle, how is the gluteus medius working/what motion is it doing/controlling?
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working eccentrically to control hip drop (R glut med eccentrically acts to control L lateral pelvic drop)
|
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is most muscle activity at the beginning of gait eccentric or concentric?
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eccentric
|
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what type of muscle activity dominates after 30% of the gait cycle?
|
concentric
|
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force/area
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pressure
|
|
what shape is the neonate's spine in?
|
C shaped
|
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how is the pelvis tilted in a neonate?
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posteriorly
|
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what two positions are the hips of a neonate in?
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flexion and lateral rotation
|
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what three positions are the femurs of a neonate found in?
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coxa valga, antetorsion, and mild varus bowing
|
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what three positions are the knees of a neonate found in?
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flexion contracture, internal genicular position, and genu varum
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what two positions are the ankles of a neonate found in?
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excessive dorsiflexion and hindfoot/forefoot varus
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at 12 months, how is the pelvis tilted?
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anteriorly
|
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at 12 months, what three positions are the hips found in?
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flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation
|
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at 12 months, what position is the knee in?
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genu varum
|
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at 12 months, what two positions are the ankle found in?
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lateral rotation and pronation
|
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the angle of normal weight-bearing stance in young children; is the calcaneal valgus relative to the sagittal plane
|
relaxed calcaneal stance
|
|
this formula is used to determine the relaxed calcaneal stance of a child
|
Valmassy's formula; 7-chiild's age in years
|
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is the reciprocal arm swing present or absent at the beginning walking at 12 months?
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absent
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there is persistent hip __ throughout the stance and swing phase of a child at 12 months/beginning walking
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hip abduction
|
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what is the average step length of a child of 12 months who is beginning walking?
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20 cm
|
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what is the average duration of the single limb stance during the gait cycle of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?
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32% (low)
|
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what is the average cadence of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?
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180 steps/minute (high)
|
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what is the average walking velicyt of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?
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60 cm/sec (low)
|
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what motion does the pelvis do on the swing side in a beginning walker?
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hip hiking
|
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what motion does the hip do in a beginning walker?
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flexion
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what motion does the femur do during both the swing and stance phase in a beginning walker?
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lateral rotation
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what motion does the knee do in a beginning walker?
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flexion (but mature knee flexion wave not seen)
|
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what motions do the tibia and fibula do in a beginning walker?
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immediate medial followed by lateral rotation
|
|
what motion does the ankle do in a beginning walker?
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exaggerated dorsiflexion
|
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what are three characteristics of a normal 12 month old beginning walker's gait?
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(1) steppage gait
(2) wide BOS (3) high guard position of UEs |
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what is the average genu varum of a child at 15 months (it is decreasing)?
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5º
|
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at what age does emergence of the reciprocal muscle action in the LEs occur?
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15 months
|
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at what age does the anterior tib begin to activate prior to foot contact (but foot flat contact persists)?
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15 months
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at what age do the lumbar lordosis and pot belly emerge?
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2 years
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at what age of gait development is the hip flexion contracture reduced to about 3 degrees and the range of lateral rotation become equal to medial rotation?
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2 years
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at what age does the knee begin to exhibit physiologic valgum?
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2 years
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at what age is the tibia and fibula rotated 10-15º lateral relative to the frontal plane?
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2 years
|
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at what age does the child increase their walking velocity from 60-85 cm/s?
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2 years
|
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at 2 years, the single limb support increases to __% of the gait cycle
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35
|
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at what age does the base of support and cadence during gait begin to decrease?
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2 years
|
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at what age does the emergence of reciprocal arm swing occur?
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2 years
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at what age does the knee flexion wave emerge in gait?
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2 years
|
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at what age does the heel strike begin to occcur, accompanied with decrease of foot drop in the swing phase?
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2 years
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at what age does genu valgum peak?
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3 years
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at what age does hyperextension of the knee often occur, which exaggerates the apperance of genu valgum?
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3 years
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at what age does the ankle dorsiflexion range begin to decrease as the plantar flexors gain strength?
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3 years
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at what age does the medial longitudinal arch become apparent in standing?
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3 years
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what does the velocity between 36 and 42 months rise to?
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nearly 105 cm/sec
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between 3 and 7 years, the single limb support increases to __% of the gait cycle
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37%
|
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does cadence increase or decrease steadily with age?
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decreases
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at what age are the rotation patterns of the pelvis and lower limb and patterns of knee and heel strike adult like?
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3 years
|
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at what age is toe stepping a significant feature of walking, rather than walking in consistent plantigrade?
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3 years
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what are the four primary determinants that distingush the gait in a child of 3 years from that of an adult?
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(1) shortened step length
(2) high cadence (3) low walking velocity (4) limited duration of single-limb stance |
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what are the two primary requirements for resolution of deficits for achievement of a mature gait pattern?
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(1) increased leg length
(2) improvement unilateral limb and foot stability |
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what parameter of gait is the best predictor of falls, hospitalization, disability, and longevity in the elderly?
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walking speed
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this is the lateral distance between heels of 2 successive steps from each foot
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step width
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what parameter of gait is a good indicator of stability?
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stance time
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elderly adults have decreased peak ankle __ at toe-off/preswing
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plantarflexion
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elderly adults have decreased ankle __ in swing and stance at self-selected speeds
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dorsiflexion
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there is decreased peak hip __ at midstance in older adults, which is related to an increased pelvic tilt
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extension
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what are five normal changes in gait as a part of aging?
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(1) walking speed
(2) stride length (3) base of support (4) joint excursion (5) joint moment/power |
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the changes in what joint mechanics occur first with respect to gait and aging?
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ankle
|
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what are two reasons for a change in gait as adults age?
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(1) to promote greater stability
(2) to adapt to impairments (such as decreased strength and ROM) |
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what is the characteristic gait impairment/spatiotemporal change seen in a person with hemiparesis?
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decreased stance phase on the affected limb (longer time in double limb support)
|
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what three ways are the ankle motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?
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(1) reduced dorsiflexion
(2) excessive plantarflexion during initial contact (3) reduced plantarflexion at toe-off |
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what three ways are the knee motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?
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(1) excessive knee flexion at heel strike
(2) knee hyperextension (3) decreased knee flexion in swing phase |
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what three ways are the hip motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?
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(1) decreased peak hip flexion at heel strike
(2) increased peak hip flexion at toe-off (3) reduced hip flexion during mid-swing |
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what type of gait strategy do hemiparesis patients tend to prefer?
|
hip strategy
|
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what are four spatiotemporal changes in gait that occur with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
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(1) reduced gait speed
(2) reduced step length (3) increased step width (4) increased stance time |
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what two ways are the ankle motions of gait changed in a person with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
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(1) reduced plantarflexion at push off
(2) reduced dorsiflexion during stance |
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what type of gait strategy do people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy use?
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hip (use hip flexors to pull leg forward rather than pushing with plantar flexors)
|
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what are the five general spatiotemporal changed for amputees in gait?
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(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced cadence (3) asymmetric step length (increased on involved LE of transtibial amputees) (4) increased step width (5) reduced stride length |
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what way is the ankle motion of gait changed in a person with an amputation?
|
reduced plantarflexion at late stance
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what muscles help to generate energy to compensate for the lack of plantarflexion energy generation during pushoff in an amputee?
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hip extensors
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for a transfemoral amputation, what are the three ways that the hip mechanics change during gait?
|
(1) increased pelvic drop on the unloaded side
(2) lateral trunk lean (3) reduced hip abduction moment |
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amputees demonstrate a tendency to use the hip during what two phases to compensate for functional loss of the ankle joint?
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late stance/early swing
|
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what are seven common impairments seen in someone with Parkinson's disease?
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(1) bradykinesia/hypokinesia
(2) muscle rigidity (3) tremor (4) flexed posture (5) shuffling gait (6) difficulty turning (7) freezing episodes |
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what are the seven spatiotemporal changes to gait seen in someone with Parkinson's disease?
|
(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced step length (3) reduced stride length (4) increased stride/step width (5) increased cadence with controlled walking speed (6) increased stance duration (7) increased double limb support |
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what are the two things that you have to do to increase your gait speed?
|
(1) increase stride length
(2) increase cadence |
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what change is seen to ankle ROM during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?
|
reduced plantarflexion at push-off
|
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what two changes are seen to ankle moments during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?
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(1) decreased internal dorsiflexor moment at heel strike
(2) decreased internal plantarflexor moment at push off |
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what two changes are seen to the hip moment during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?
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(1) reduced internal flexion moment in stance
(2) reduced internal hip extension during stance |
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what parameter of the step is increased in patients with Parkinson's disease?
|
step width
|
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most kinematic and kinetic changes in Parkinson's disease occur at what joint?
|
the ankle
|
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what are six common impairments seen in someone with cerebral palsy?
|
(1) delayed motor development
(2) postural abnormalities (crouched) (3) abnormally high muscle tone (4) spasticity (5) increased muscle coactivation (6) cognitive delays |
|
what are the four general spatiotemporal changes in gait that occur with cerebral palsy?
|
(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced stride length (3) increased step width (4) reduced cadence |
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what are the five common gait deviations that are observed in children with CP?
|
(1) equinus
(2) crouch gait (3) stiff knee (4) scissoring (5) rotational malalignment |
|
this deformity is associated with excessive plantarflexion of the talocrural joint and is related to spasticity and tightness of the plantarflexors in children with CP
|
equinus deformity
|
|
this type of equinus gait pattern occurs because of posterior calf tightness or spasticity
|
true
|
|
this type of equinus gait pattern occurs because of excessive knee and hip flexion at heel strike, with a relatively normal ankle range of motion
|
apparent
|
|
this posture is excessive flexion of all lower extremity joints due to muscle tightness or contracture, and is commonly seen in people with CP
|
crouch posture
|
|
what are six characteristics that are seen in a crouch gait that is observed in people with CP?
|
(1) patella alta
(2) plantarflexor weakness (3) excessive ankle dorsiflexion (4) excessive knee and/or hip flexion (5) hamstring spasticity (6) reduced knee moment and power |
|
this type of gait observed in people with CP occurs because of reduced peak knee flexion during swing secondary to spasticity of the rectus; impairs foot clearance
|
stiff knee gait
|
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this gait pattern commonly seen in people with CP is characterized by excessive hip adduction due to hip adductor spasticity or contracture and hip abductor weakness
|
scissoring
|
|
what two factors most likely cause rotational deformities in people with CP?
|
(1) excessive femoral anteversion
(2) excessive internal or external tibial torsion |
|
what are three common impairments seen in someone with CP who exhibits rotational deformities?
|
(1) reduced plantarflexor power at push off
(2) more hip medial rotation (3) persistent toeing in |
|
sequence of events between successive heel strikes of the same foot
|
stride
|
|
sequence of events within successive heel strikes of opposite feet
|
step
|
|
distance between successive heel contacts of opposite feet
|
step length
|
|
lateral distance between heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts
|
step width
|
|
amount of toe out (angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot)
|
foot angle
|
|
what is the average step width?
|
8-10 cm
|
|
what is the average foot angle?
|
5-7º
|
|
the number of steps per minute
|
cadence
|
|
what is considered the best, most functional measure of an individual's walking ability?
|
walking speed
|
|
phase of gait when the foot is on the ground, supporting body weight
|
stance
|
|
this occurs when the entire plantar surface of the foot comes into contact with the ground and represents about 8% of the gait cycle
|
foot flat
|
|
this occurs when the body's weight passes directly over the LE and represents 30% of the gait cycle or 50% of the stance phase of gait cycle
|
mid stance
|
|
at what percentage range of gait cycle does heel off occur?
|
30-40%
|
|
what percentage of gait cycle does toe off occur?
|
60%
|
|
this phase of gait occurs when the foot is in the air, being advanced forward for the next ground contact
|
swing phase
|
|
this phase of swing is from toe off to mid swing
|
early swing
|
|
what percentage of the gait cycle does early swing phase occur at?
|
60-75%
|
|
what percentage of the gait cycle does mid swing occur at?
|
75-85%
|
|
what percentage of the gait cycle does terminal swing occur at?
|
85-100%
|
|
this phase of swing occurs when the swing limb passes the stance limb
|
mid swing
|
|
this phase of swing occurs just past the passage of the stance limb until the foot contacts the ground
|
terminal
|
|
how many periods are there of double and single limb support during gait?
|
2 each
|
|
from 0-10% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support (weight transfer)?
|
double
|
|
from 10-50% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support?
|
single
|
|
from 50-60% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support (transferring weight between LEs)?
|
double
|
|
from 60-100% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support?
|
single
|
|
the COM of the body is located just anterior to what vertebrae?
|
S2
|
|
vertically, the COM oscillates up and down for how many full sine waves?
|
2
|
|
horizontally, the COM oscillates side to side for how may full sine waves?
|
1
|
|
during what type of support is the COM of the body the lowest during gait?
|
double limb support
|
|
on the right leg, during what phase does the COM reach its highest and most lateral position, and then starts to fall away from that supporting limb
|
mid stance
|
|
when the supporting LE is __ to the body's COM, the body slows down
|
anterior
|
|
when the supporting LE is __ to the body's COM, the body speeds up
|
posterior
|
|
at what phase of gait does the lowest velocity occur?
|
midstance
|
|
at what phase of gait does the highest velocity occur?
|
double limb support
|
|
at what phase of gait is the maximum kinetic energy being used?
|
double limb support
|
|
at what percentages of gait does posterior pelvic tilt occur?
|
0-10% and 30-60%, terminal swing
|
|
at what percentages of gait does anterior pelvic tilt occur?
|
30% and 60-87%
|
|
what is the position of the hip at initial contact?
|
30º of flexion
|
|
when does maximum hip extension of 10º occur in the gait cycle?
|
just before toe-off
|
|
when does maximum flexion of the hip occur during gait cycle?
|
just before heel contact
|
|
how can apparent hip extension be achieved?
|
anterior pelvic tilt and increase in lumbar lordosis
|
|
how can apparent hip flexion be achieved?
|
posterior pelvic tilt with flattened lumbar spine
|
|
what is the position of the knee at heel contact?
|
flexed 5º
|
|
during the initial 15% of the gait cycle, how does the knee move?
|
into an additional 10-15º of flexion
|
|
at the knee, what muscle is activating eccentrically during heel strike to absorb shock and accept body weight?
|
quadriceps
|
|
after the initial 15% of gait, what motion is the knee in until heel off?
|
near full extension
|
|
what position is the knee in by heel off?
|
35º of flexion
|
|
at what phase of gait does max knee flexion of 60º occur?
|
mid swing
|
|
what position is the ankle in at heel contact?
|
slight plantarflexion
|
|
what position is the ankle in during stance phase, as the tibia moves forward over the foot?
|
up to 10º of dorsiflexion
|
|
after heel off, what does the ankle begin to do, and continue to do to a maximum of 15-20º just after toe-off?
|
plantarflexion
|
|
how much dorsiflexion do you generally need for gait?
|
10º
|
|
how much plantarflexion do you generally need for gait?
|
20º
|
|
at what percentage of gait cycle is the left iliac crest elevated by concentric activation of the right hip abductors?
|
20-60%
|
|
what three factors could cause excessive hip motion in the frontal plane during gait?
|
(1) weakness of hip abductors
(2) reduced shortening of swing limb (3) leg length discrepancy |
|
at the knee, in the frontal plane, 5º of adduction occurs at what phase of gait?
|
in the last 20% of stance
|
|
when does maximum knee abduction in the frontal plane occur?
|
near the maximum knee flexion angle
|
|
what motion does the ankle do in the frontal plane at heel contact?
|
inversion 2-3º
|
|
what motion does the ankle do in the frontal plane after heel contact until midstance?
|
eversion
|
|
after midstance, what motion is the ankle doing in the frontal plane?
|
inversion
|
|
at what percentage of the gait cycle is the neutral position of the calcaneus reached?
|
40-45%
|
|
what motion does the femur do after heel contact through the first 20% of the gait cycle?
|
internal rotation
|
|
after 20% of the gait cycle, what motion does the femur do, until shortly after toe off?
|
external rotation
|
|
what motion is the femur doing during most fo the swing phase?
|
internal rotation
|
|
the metabolic efficiency of walking is greatest at what speed?
|
3 mph
|
|
what is the way to save energy during walking?
|
reduce the displacement of the COM
|
|
what muscle activates at terminal swing to initiate hip extension and to accept weight, and remains active from heel contact to midstance to support the body and extend the hip?
|
gluteus maximus
|
|
what muscle group activates to advance the LE forward during swing in preparation for the next step and lift the LE to allow for toe clearance?
|
hip flexors
|
|
initially, hip flexor muscle activity is __ as the hip extends, and then __ as the hip flexes just before toe off
|
eccentric, concentric
|
|
hip flexor muscles are active only in the first __% of swing phase, after that hip flexion is a result of forward momentum
|
50
|
|
they key role of this muscle group is to control the slight lowering of the contralateral pelvis on the side of the swing limb (eccentric), then act concentrically to initiate relative abduction; also control alignment of femur in frontal plane
|
hip abductors
|
|
the key role of this muscle group is to stabilize the hip at heel strike through coactivation with the hip extensors and abductors; likely assist with extension and assist with flexion after toe off
|
hip adductors
|
|
this muscle group helps to advance the swing limb, along with the hip flexors
|
internal rotators
|
|
this muscle group is mostly active during early stance to control alignment of the hip in the horizontal plane
|
external rotators
|
|
when are the quads active in the gait cycle to prepare for heel strike?
|
very late swing stage
|
|
at midstance, what type of muscle contraction are the quads undergoing in order to extend the knee and support body weight?
|
concentric
|
|
before heel contact, what muscle group decelerates knee extension in preparation for heel strike?
|
hamstrings
|
|
in the initial __% of gait, the hamstrings actively assist hip extension and provide stability to the knee
|
10
|
|
what part of what mucsle assists with knee flexion during the swing phase of gait?
|
short head of the biceps femoris
|
|
the tibialis anterior undergoes a strong __ contraction at heel contact to decelerate the passive plantarflexion of the ankle
|
eccentric
|
|
from heel contact to foot flat, which muscle eccentrically assists in decelerating foot pronation?
|
tibialis anterior
|
|
during which phase of gait is the tibialis anterior activating concentrically (to help with toe clearance)?
|
swing phase
|
|
these two muscles are supplemental to the tibialis anterior in helping to decelerate plantarflexion of the ankle at heel contact
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(1) extensor digitorum
(2) extensor hallucis longus |
|
during __ phase, the extensor digitorum and extensor hallucis longus muscles assist with dorsiflexion of the ankle and toe extension
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swing
|
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between __and__% of gait cycle, the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles eccentrically control forward movement of the tibia/fibula relative to the talus
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10-40%
|
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at 10-40% of the gait cycle, which two muscles eccentrically control forward movementof the tibia/fibula relative to the talus?
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gastroc and soleus
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between which two gait phases is there a major plantarflexion torque/propulsion of the body for push off?
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heel off and toe off
|
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between 5-35% of gait, which muscle works to decelerate pronation?
|
tibialis posterior
|
|
between 35-55% of gait, which muscle works to supinate the foot, and its tension may assist in raising the medial longitudinal arch to add necessary rigidity to the foot for push off?
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tibialis posterior
|
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from 10% of gait until just before toe off, what muscles are active as plantarflexors and pronators to counteract strong inversion effect of the posterior tibialis?
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fibularis muscles
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which muscle holds the 1st ray rigidly to the ground for stability at terminal stance?
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fibularis longus
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what muscles of the foot are active from mid stance to toe off to stabilize the forefoot and raise the medial longitudinal arch to provide a rigid lever for ankle plantarflexion?
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intrinsics
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these are the forces that are applied to the foot by the ground during gait
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ground reacting forces (GRFs)
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at what phase of gait are the ground reaction forces less than body weight as a result of the relative unweighting caused by upward momentum of the body gained during the early part of stance?
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midstance
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at what parts of gait are the ground reaction forces slightly greater than body weight?
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loading and terminal stance
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what type of ground reaction forces are applied parallel to the supporting surface (e.g. the foot)?
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shear
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a __ directed ground reaction force at heel contact momentarily slows forward progression of the body
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posteriorly
|
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a ground reaction force directed __ causes the body to be momentarily accelerated forward at toe off
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anteriorly
|
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during gait, the ground reaction forces applied under the foot generate what type of torque on the joints of the LE?
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external
|
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to prevent collapse of the LE during gait, external torques are resisted by what type of torques of the muscles?
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internal
|
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internal torques are associated with __ muscle contraction when the joint moves in the direction of the muscle's action
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concentric
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internal torques are associated with __ muscle contraction when the joint moves opposite the muscle's action
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eccentric
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what does a positive value of joint power indicate?
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power generation
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what does a negative value of joint power indicate?
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power absorption
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in early stance, hip __ torque is generated that serves to accept body weight and control forward momentum of the trunk, and to extend the hip
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extension
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in the second half stance, hip __ torque is generated to decelerate hip extension and initiate hip flexion before toe off
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flexion
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what type of torque is there in the hip at intiial swing?
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small hip flexion torque
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what type of torque is there at the hip in the second half of swing to decelerate hip flexion and initiate hip extension?
|
hip extension torque
|
|
at heel contact, at the knee there is a brief initial __ torque followed by a large __ torque for loading response
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flexion, extension
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during terminal swing at the knee, there is an internal __ torque generated to decelerate knee extension
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flexion
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the instant of weight application on the foot during gait creates a (varus, valgus) torque at the knee, resulting in abduction
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varus
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a small __ torque is generated at the ankle just after heel contact to control movement of plantarflexion generated by application of body weight on the calcaneus (power is absorbed)
|
dorsiflexion
|
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there is a __ torque at the ankle through the rest of the stance phase (eccentric activation as the tibia is advanced over the foot)
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plantarflexion
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there is a small __ torque at the ankle during swing in order to clear the toes
|
dorsiflexion
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what is the likely impairment involved if someone has a foot slap-rapid plantarflexion of the ankle occurring after heel contact?
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mild weakness of ankle dorsiflexors
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what is the likely impairment if someone has a foot flat deformity-the entire plantar aspet of the foot touches the ground at initial contact (instead of just the heel)?
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marked weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors
|
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what is the likely impairment if someone makes initial contact first with their forefoot followed by the heel
|
severe weakness of ankle dorsiflexors
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone makes initial contact with their forefoot and no contact with their heel
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heel pain/pes equinus
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone prematurely elevates their heel in mid/terminal stance?
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lack of ankle dorsiflexors
|
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone's heel remains in contact with the ground late in terminal stance?
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weakness/paralysis of ankle plantarflexors
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone has a supinated foot and wegiht bears on the lateral aspect of the foot during stance?
|
pes cavus (supinated foot)
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone demonstrates excessive foot pronation during stance, with failure of the foot to supinate in mid stance?
|
rearfoot and/or forefoot varus
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone has excessive foot pronation with weightbrearing on the medial portion of the foot during stance, and the medial longitudinal arch is absent during swing?
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weakness/paralysis of ankle invertors, or pes planus (pronated foot)
|
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone has ankle in plantarflexion during swing, and exhibits drop foot?
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weakness of dorsiflexors and/or pex equinus
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits vaulting (exaggerated plantarflexion during midstance) causing excessive vertical movement of the body?
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any impairment of the contralateral LE that reduces hip flexion, knee flexion, or ankle dorsiflexion during swing
|
|
what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits toeing out during gait?
|
femoral retroversion or tight hip lateral rotators
|
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits toeing in during gait?
|
femoral anteversion or spasticity of hip adductors and/or medial rotators
|
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits rapid knee extension after initial contact?
|
quadriceps spasticity
|
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what is the likely gait impairment if someone's knee remains extended during the loading response, without extensor thrust?
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weak quads, or knee pain
|
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what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits genu recurvatum during stance?
|
knee extensor weakness
|
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what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits varus thrust during stance?
|
laxity of posterior and lateral ligamentous joint structures
|
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what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits a flexed knee in stance and a lack of knee extension in terminal swing?
|
knee flexion contracture greater than 10 degres or knee pain and joint effusoin
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits reduced/absent knee flexion in swing
|
spasticity of knee extensors/knee extension contracture
|
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what is a likely impairment if someone keeps their knee in flexion during stance, with normal ROM?
|
impairment at the ankle or hip
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hyperextension of the knee from initial contact to pre-swing?
|
ankle plantarflexion contracture
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits an antalgic gait?
|
painful LE stance
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive knee flexion in swing?
|
lack of ankle dorsiflexion of the swing limb or short stance limb
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits backward trunk lean during loading?
|
weak hip extensors
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits lateral trunk lean toward the stance lower extremity during gait?
|
marked weakness of hip abductors
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits a contralateral hip drop during gait?
|
mild weakness of gluteus medius in the stance limb
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward bending of the trunk in mid/terminal stance?
|
hip flexion contracture/hip pain
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excesive lumbar lordosis in terminal stance?
|
hip flexion contracture
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone's trunk lurches backward and towrad the unaffected stance limb from heel off to mid swing?
|
hip flexor weakness
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits posterior tilt of the pelvis during initial swing?
|
hip flexor weakness
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hip circumduction?
|
hip flexor weakness
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward trunk bending during loading?
|
weak quadriceps
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward bending of the trunk during mid and terminal stance?
|
pes equinus
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive hip and knee flexion during swing?
|
lack of ankle dorsiflexion of the swing limb
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hip circumduction or hip hiking during swing?
|
lack of shortening of swing limb secondary to decreased hip flexion, knee flexion and/or ankle dorsiflexion
|
|
what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive backward horizontal rotation of the pelvis on the side of the stance limb in terminal stance?
|
ankle plantarflexor weakness
|
|
the ground reaction forces are about __ times greater in running than walking
|
3
|
|
what is the percentage spent in swing phase during running?
|
60-70%
|
|
during running, hip flexion generally increases from 30 to __º
|
65
|
|
during running, hip extension increases from 10 to __º
|
20
|
|
during running, knee flexion increases from 60 to __º
|
120-130
|
|
during running, dorsiflexion increases from 10 to about __º
|
25
|
|
during running, plantarflexion increases from about 20 to __º
|
30
|
|
what percentage of the running cycle is spent in the stance phase?
|
40%
|
|
during weight acceptance, what type of rotation is the limb experiencing?
|
internal rotation
|
|
during weight acceptance, what type of movement is the foot experiecing?
|
pronation
|
|
during the propulsion phase of running, what type of rotation is the limb experiencing?
|
external rotation
|
|
during the propulsion phase of running, what type of movement is the foot experiencing?
|
supination
|
|
does the weight acceptance phase of running involve mostly concentric or eccentric contractions?
|
eccentric
|
|
does the propulsion phase of running involve mostly concentric or eccentric contractions?
|
concentric
|
|
during the swing phase, what muscles are working at the hip to help get the limb swinging?
|
flexor
|
|
the hip extensors begin to work at __% of the gait cycle; they start to fire to slow down the progression of the hip and to slow down the lower leg
|
hip extensors
|
|
does a shorter or longer step and stride length use more of a hip strategy?
|
shorter
|
|
does a shorter or longer step and stride length use more of an ankle strategy?
|
longer
|
|
what are the six differences in the joints/movements when running with forefoot contact instead of heel contact?
|
(1) increased knee flexion
(2) shorter step and stride length (3) increased cadence (4) smaller vertical displacement of the body (5) less eccentric work at the knee (6) more eccentric work at the ankle |
|
one of the downsides to forefoot running is that it puts a lot of stress on the ankle __ muscles
|
plantarflexor
|
|
what is occurring at 0% of the gait cycle?
|
heel strike
|
|
what is occurring at 10% of the gait cycle?
|
opposite toe off
|
|
what is occurring at 30% of the gait cycle?
|
heel rise
|
|
what is occurring at 50% of the gait cycle?
|
opposite initial contact
|
|
what is occurring at 60% of the gait cycle?
|
toe off
|
|
what is occurring at 73% of the gait cycle?
|
feet adjacent
|
|
what is occurring at 87% of the gait cycle?
|
tibia vertical
|
|
what is occurring at 100% of the gait cycle?
|
next initial contact
|
|
during the loading response, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
posterior
|
|
during mid stance, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
anterior
|
|
during terminal stance, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
anterior
|
|
during pre swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
posterior
|
|
during initial swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
anterior
|
|
during mid swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
anterior
|
|
during terminal swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?
|
posterior
|
|
during the loading response, what position is the hip in?
|
flexion
|
|
during mid stance, what position is the hip in?
|
flexion/neutral
|
|
during terminal stance, what position is the hip in?
|
extension
|
|
during pre swing, what position is the hip in?
|
extension
|
|
during initial swing, what position is the hip in?
|
extension
|
|
during mid swing, what position is the hip in?
|
flexion
|
|
during terminal swing, what position is the hip in?
|
flexion
|
|
during the loading response, what position is the knee in?
|
10º flexion
|
|
during mid stance, what position is the knee in?
|
20º flexion
|
|
during terminal stance, what position is the knee in?
|
neutral-5º flexion
|
|
during pre swing, what position is the knee in?
|
20º of flexion
|
|
during initial swing, what position is the knee in?
|
45º flexion
|
|
during mid swing, what position is the knee in?
|
60 º of flexion
|
|
during terminal swing, what position is the knee in?
|
20-10º flexion
|
|
during the loading response, what position is the ankle in?
|
5-10º plantarflexion
|
|
during mid stance, what position is the ankle in?
|
5-8º dorsiflexion
|
|
during terminal stance, what position is the ankle in?
|
10º dorsiflexion
|
|
during pre swing, what position is the ankle in?
|
10º dorsiflexion to 10º plantarflexion
|
|
during initial swing, what position is the ankle in?
|
20º plantarflexion
|
|
during mid swing, what position is the ankle in?
|
12º plantarflexion to 2º dorsiflexion
|
|
during terminal swing, what position is the ankle in?
|
1º plantarflexion
|
|
during the loading response, what position is the subtalar joint in?
|
2º inversion
|
|
during mid stance, what position is the subtalar joint in?
|
1-2º eversion
|
|
during terminal stance, what position is the subtalar joint in?
|
2º eversion to 2º inversion
|
|
during pre swing, what position is the subtalar joint in?
|
2-6º inversion
|
|
what are the five kinematic strategies to minimize energy expenditure during gait?
|
(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation (3) stance phase knee flexion (4) frontal plane pelvic rotation (5) frontal plane hip rotation |
|
these two kinematic strategies help to reduce the downward displacement of the center of mass during gait
|
(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation |
|
these two kinematic strategies help to reduce the upward displacement of the center of mass during gait
|
(1) stance phase knee flexion
(2) frontal plane pelvic rotation |
|
this kinematic strategy helps to reduce the sid to side excursion of the center of mass during gait
|
frontal plane hip rotation
|
|
what type of moment is created at the hip when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?
|
flexion
|
|
what type of moment is created at the knee when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?
|
flexion
|
|
what type of moment is created at the ankle when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?
|
dorsiflexion
|
|
what type of moment is created at the hip when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?
|
extension
|
|
what type of moment is created at the knee when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?
|
extension
|
|
what type of moment is created at the ankle when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?
|
plantarflexion
|
|
in Parkinson's disease, at what joint does the majority of compensation occur to preserve the other joint patterns?
|
ankle
|