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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formal Politeness Level
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-ㅂ/습 니다
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Formal Interrogative
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-ㅂ/습 니까?
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Time, direction (“to”), static activity marker
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-에
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Possessive particle (“of”)
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-의
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Desire or want
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Verb stem + -고 싶다
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With. . .
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-랑
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Past tense
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았/었/였
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Irregular ‘으’ verb
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Replace ‘ㅡ’ with the vowel that starts the conjugation
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Irregular ‘ㅂ’ verb
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‘ㅂ’ changes to ‘오’ or ‘우’
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‘You’ singular
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너
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‘이다’ – Intimate Politeness level
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= ‘이야’ or ‘야’
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Possessive Pronoun Contractions:
My, Your, My (humbling) |
My: 나의 – 내
Your: 너의 – 니 My (humbling): 저의 – 제 |
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Honorific Infix
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-(으)시
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Expression of capability, ability or possibility (“can”; “able to”)
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-ㄹ/을 수 있다
-ㄹ/을 수 없다 |
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To convey one’s desired intention for the future – “want to” (intimate politeness level)
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-ㄹ/을 래
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“and”
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-하고 = -이랑/랑 = -과/와
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Verb nominalization (verbing, to verb)
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-기
-는 것 |
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것이 spoken
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게
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-는 것 (someone doing something; --ing; to --)
(1) subject marking particle (2) object marking particle |
(1) 것 – 게
(2) 것을 = 거를 = 걸 (contraction) |
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Negative sentence ender
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-지 않다
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“or”
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-(이)나
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(1) “or”
(2) with one noun, means “just” (3) with time, time given is an approximation (4) “much more than expected” |
-(이)나
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From, Since / Until
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부터 / 까지
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“before. . .”
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-기 전에
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“while”
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-(으)면서
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“and” –clause #1 giving logical basis or reason for clause #2
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-아/어/여 + 서
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Volitional form (“Shall we?”; “Will it be?”)
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Verb stem + -ㄹ(을) 까요?
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To express reason (“because”)
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(1) verb stem + (-아/어/여) + 서
(2) verb stem + -(으)니까 (3) verb stem + -(으)므로 (4) verb stem + -기 때문에 |
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Intentional (“intend to”; “going to”)
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Verb stem + -려고 하다
Irregular verb: -으려고 하다 Intimate Polite: -ㄹ/을 + 려구/라고/라구 |
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“I think I will. . .”
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Verb stem + -ㄹ/을 것 같다
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“I did do it. . .” [to show contrast]
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-기는 + -ㄴ/는다
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“I think. . .”
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Descriptive Verb Stem + -ㄴ/은 것 같다
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But, however, so
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-ㄴ/는 데
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Doing something unintentionally; doing something totally, completely
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Verb stem + 버리다
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Sentence Ender - Assumption of agreement
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Verb stem + -잖아
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“don’t want to. . .”
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Verb stem + -기 싫다
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Intentional
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Verb stem + -ㄹ/을 게(요)
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Reason to be fortunate
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(-아/어/여)서 + 다행이다
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Non-final ending for action verbs to convey purpose of an action
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Verb stem + (으)러 + Verb stem #2 (movement verb)
[e.g., 사러 가다] |
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Sentence ender: “you see”; “because”
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Verb stem + -거든요
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“even”; "all the way up to"
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-까지
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To come into existence
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Subject + -이/가 + 생기다
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Negative imperative (intimate polite)
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-지 마
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Suffix: Supposition, conjecture
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-겠다
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Obligation
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Verb stem + (아/어/여)야 되다
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Non-final ending: Intention/purpose (“in order to”)
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Verb stem + (으)러 + Verb stem (movement verb, e.g. 가다, 오다)
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Sentence ender: intentional (“intend to”; “going to”; “plan to”)
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Verb stem + -(으)려고 하다
[intimate polite: -ㄹ/을 라구] |
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“whether or not”
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Verb stem + -ㄴ/는 지 + Cognitive/Speaking/Information Verb (e.g., 알다, 묻다)
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Present progressive
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Action verb stem + -고 있다
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“may i. . .?”
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Action verb stem + 아/어/여 + 도 되다
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Plain declarative (i.e., thinking out loud to oneself)
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-ㄴ 다/-는다/ -다
(1) Descriptive Verb stem + 다 (2) Action Verb stem + -ㄴ(는) 다 |
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Reported Speech
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(1) Noun/Question + -라고 하다
(2) Verb stem + -(으)라고 하다 |
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“thanks for ---ing.”
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주(다) + (아/어/여)서 + 고맙다
-춰서 고맙다 |
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To look, to seem
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Descriptive Verb + -(아/어/여) 보이다
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Particle: between; among; only with
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-끼리
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“it’s been. . . since”
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-ㄴ(은)지. . . 되다
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Presumptive future
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-ㄹ(을) 것 같다
[것 can be replaced with 거] |
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Exclamation sentence ender
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(1) descriptive verb or 이다 + -ㄴ(은)데
[이다 + -ㄴ데 = -인데] (2) Verb + 는 데 |
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Consecutive actions with come and go
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Verb stem + -고 가다/오다
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“at least”; “even if it’s just”
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Noun + -라도
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Each; every
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Noun + -마다
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“once a. . . [time]”
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[Time word] -에 +
[number] + [Noun of frequency] 씩 + Action verb (e.g. 1주일에 한 번씩 농구해.) |
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“among”
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-중에(서)
[e.g., 친구들 중에서] |
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Honorific infix
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-(으)시
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Final sentence ender: Confirmation (“right?”) or agreement (“I’d say”); to show insistence or reassurance
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Verb stem + -지(요) / 죠
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Sentence ender: reiteration of person’s statement
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(1) Action verb stem + -ㄴ/는 다고(요)
(2) Descriptive verb stem + -다고(요) |
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End of reported speech to convey bewilderment or surprise
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(1) Non-verb word + -(이)라나
(2) Verb plain form + -니(요) [뇨] |
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Sentence ender: to convey agreement (“agree to” “make plans to. . .”
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-기로 하다
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Sentence ender (only when asking questions): Casual Male speech
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-냐
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Reported speech (when outcome is contrary or unexpected) “didn’t you say [reported speech]?”
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(1) Plain declarative of reported speech + -더니
(2) Noun + (이)라더니 |
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Reported speech + casual conjunction (“since I said”. . . clause #2)
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Plain declarative form + 고 하니까
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the middle of ---ing
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Plain form verb + -는 중이다
(ㄹ drops out for ㄹ verbs) |
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on my way...
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Place name + -에 + verb (가다, 오다) + -는 길이다
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