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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Howard Becker |
'social groups create deviance by creating the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying these rules to certain people and labeling them as outsiders'
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Labelling theorists are interested in how an act ends up being seen as 'deviant' and a crime.
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No act is inherited as a crime itself but a public reaction can change this. for example, killing another person is murder but killing a soldier in war is seen as an act of bravery.
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Moral Entrepreneurs
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Also know as Moral crusaders often seek the passage of new laws or increases in penalties, which are examples of formal social control. example is Rosa Parks.
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Who gets labelled?
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Not everyone who commits a crime is punished or arrested for it. Piliavin and Briar found that some police officers decided to arrest youths based on their appearance, their behaviour and the time of day (usually at night time on the streets)
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Negotiation of Justice (Cicourel, 1968)
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Officers have their own typifications that cause them to focus on certain groups. There is a class bias where officers patrol working class areas more than middle class areas. If a middle class person was to commit a crime, they are more likely to be able to negotiate with the police to be let off with a caution.
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How can the middle class negotiate their justice more? |
A middle class parent is able to persuade the police that the incident won't occur again and that the offender will be dealt with at home whereas a single mum from a working class background isn't.
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Primary Deviance (Lemert)
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An act not publically labelled as deviant.
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Secondary Deviance
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is labelled with a societal reaction. they are publically caught and stigmatised. This label can lead to their master status. A change of master status may cause a self-fulfilling prophecy where they continue to commit deviance.
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Deviance Amplification spiral
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where an attempt to control deviance may make it worse and to increase. eg - mods and rockers
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reintegrative shaming
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when the act is labelled as bad but not the person who commits it
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disintegrative shaming
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when both the act and the offender is labelled publically as bad and the offender becomes an outsider
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Suicide
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Durkheim's view is that official statistics show that the causes of suicide reflect how effective society is at integrating individuals.
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Douglas: The meaning of suicide |
says that suicide statistics are socially constructed. whether a death is labelled as suicide can be negotiated by doctors, police, relatives and the coroners. Religions may pressurise coroners to label the death as accidental rather than suicide. |
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Atkinson : coroners' commonsense knowledge |
He says official statistics are a record of labels that coroners have put on suicides. Coroners have their idea of the typical suicide which may or may not always be right. |
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Paranoia as a self-fulfilling prophecy (Lemert) |
Some individuals fail to settle into a group in society. Society then labels this person as odd and that person is excluded. the person reacts with secondary deviance and then society starts to decide how to deal with the deviance. the deviance justifies their fears for his mental health. The label mental patient becomes a master status. |
