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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Conversational Maxims (Grice)
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Quantity - speakers should be as informative as required, say neither to much or to little Relevance - relate clearly to the purpose of the exchange Manner - Contributions should be clear, orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity |
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Speech Acts - utterances that are equivalent to actions
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Locutionary acts - speech acts that have taken place Illocutionary acts - actions performed by the utterance where saying equals doing Perlocutionary acts - effects of the utterance on the listener |
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Illocutionary acts - David Crystal
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representatives - the speaker asserts a preposition to be true using verbs like believe, conclude, affirm Directives- the speaker tries to make the hearer do something, with such words as ask, beg, dare Commissives - here the speaker commits himself to a future course of actions with verbs like guarantee, pledge, promise Expressives - the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a state of affairs using verbs like apologise, congratulate, thank Declarations - the speaker alters the external status or condition of an object or situation. |
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Austin and Seale's terms
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presupposition - what is already known or assumed Inference - what the listener/reader understands or guesses Implicature - What the speaker/writer is implying or suggesting |
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Names and addresses
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We express status and attitudes through titles, first names and last names. Titles are such things as professor, Dr, Sir, Dame, Mr, Miss and Mrs. They include honorific titles like your royal highness, your grace etc. Or in terms of occupation titles like boss, sir, officer, ma'am, sergeant.
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Face and politeness strategies
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pessimism- I don't suppose you could close the window, could you? Apologising - I'm terribly sorry to put you out, but could you close the window? Impersonalising - the management requires all windows to be closed |