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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Three categories of language development |
1) learning theory approaches 2) nativist approach 3) interactionist approach |
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Learning theory approaches include: |
-social learning theory (in which children acquire language skills by observing and imitating others who are using language; doesnt explain novel speech and language) -stimulus-response approach explains language development as a reinforcement of speech sounds that leads to successively closer and closer approximations of adult speech |
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The nativist approach |
-Noam Chomsky (2006) -proposes that the human brain is genetically programmed to enable and create and understand language -language acquisition device exists in humans that allow the production of speech sounds, grammar, and the invention of novel sentences--thus, humans have the capacity to learn any language though exposure -language comprehension exceeds language production -theory is supported by observations that all children, regardless of culture, go through the same developmental stages and, by 5 to 6 years of age, typically master the basics of the spoken language -sentences are generated using a system of rules made up of surface structures (i.e., rules specific to each language) and deep structures (i.e., rules that are innate and universal, such as letter sounds). |
Nativist; Chomsky; language acquisition device |
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Interactionist approach |
-proposes a combo of learning and nativist approaches is responsible for language development through social and cultural influences |
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Psycholinguistics |
the study of language development |
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Speech |
-the physical act of forming and sequencing sounds of oral language |
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language |
-refers to the system of grammatical rules and semantics that allows similar individuals to be understood by each other |
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syntax |
-the proper use of grammar |
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pragmatics |
-how language is used in the social context (e.g., taking turns, pointing, incorporating facial and hand gestures) |
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phonology |
-what language sounds like |
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phoneme |
-a language's most basic sound element -for example, english has 40 basic sounds |
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morphology |
-governs the rules of word formation |
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morpheme |
-the smallest, meaningful language unit -e.g., "at" has one morpheme, "boys" has two: "boy" and "s" |
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dialect |
-a variation in language -vary by occupation, age, geographical region, and social class |
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Three areas of the brain that are important in the context of language development: |
1) Broca's area 2) Wernicke's area 3) arcuate fasciculus |
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-related to speech production -damage here results in motor aphasia (i.e., causes speech to be slow and labored) |
Broca's area |
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-related to speech comprehension -damage here can result in sensory aphasia (i.e., difficulty understanding language through sense organs) |
Wernicke's area |
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-the bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area |
arcuate fasciculus |
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Milestones in Early Language Development |
-3 months: smiles when talked to -4 months: responds to voice by turning head -5 months: cooing -6 months: babbling, which closely resembles speech -8 months: repeats syllables (e.g., ma-ma) -1 year: shows understanding of some words -1.5 years: can produce about 50 one-word utterances (holophrases -2.0: uses some two-word phrases -2.5 years: a vocab of several hundred words, speaks in short sentences -3.0 years: a vocab of about 1,000 words -4.0 years: basic rules of language consistently demonstrated |
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Normal language development involves both _______ and ________ language. These facets of language development are closely related to learning and info processing. |
-receptive and expressive |
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It is estimated that ____ to ____ of children have difficulty with receptive or expressive language |
2% to 5% |
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Three Communication Disorders listed in the DSM |
1) Language Disorder 2) Speech Disorder 3) Social Communication Disorder |
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-this type of disorder is diagnosed if a person experiences difficulty in the acquisition or use of spoken or written language skills that are long-term and enduring -symptoms: difficulty producing or understanding developmentally appropriate sentences and limited vocabulary |
Language Disorder |
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-most commonly diagnosed of the communication disorders -involves difficulty in producing developmentally expected speech sounds (e.g., developmental misarticulations, sound substitutions) |
Speech Disorder |
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-a pragmatic language impairment in wich an individual displays difficulties understanding and using verbal and nonverbal social cues, thereby affecting social relationships and comprehension |
Social Communication Disorder |
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Adult onset communication disorders can usually be attributed to what? |
-stroke -dementia -brain trauma |
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Adult onset communication disorders attributed to stroke, dementia, or brain trauma often result in _______ and _______. |
-aphasia (difficulty in naming objects) and anomia (word finding difficulties) |
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Noam Chomsky's theory of language development is considered to be a ? |
nativist approach |
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Language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called? |
deep structures |
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How many morphemes does the word "books" have? |
2 ("book" and "s") |
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Language rules that are specific to each language |
-surface structures |
Deep structures are language rules that are innate and universal |
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The approximate use of grammar is the definition of ______. |
Syntax |
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When do babies become adept at holophrasing? |
1.5 years of age |
Holophrase = one-word utterances; at 1.5 years, babies can produce about 50 of these |
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Age of cooing |
5 months |
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Age babies show understanding of some words |
1 year |
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Age at which child has a vocab of about 1,000 words |
3 years |
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Age child smiles when talked to? |
3 months |
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Age a child can produce about 50 one-word utterances (holophrases) |
1.5 years |
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Age of babbliing, which closely resembles speech |
6 months |
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Age child response to voice by turning head |
4 months |
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Age child has a vocab of several hundred words and can speak in short sentences |
2.5 years |
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Age child uses some two-word phrases |
2 years |
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Age child repeats syllables (e.g., ma-ma) |
8 months |
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Age basic rules of language consistently demonstrated |
4 years |
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