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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This Has been defined as a relatively permanent change in potentioal performance or behavior as the result of experience
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Learning
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True or False: Some learning theorist argue that all learning is the result of connections between stimuli and responses.
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True
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Name two major schools of learning theory
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning |
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Who investigated what eventually becdame known as Classical Conditining?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Another name for a paired presentation of a neutral stimulus(eg a tone) that does not produce salivation with that of meat powder, which naturally elicits salivation and after several pairings-the neutral stimuls alone produces a salivation response is called what?
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Classical conditioning
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In classical conditioning, Pavlov called the stimulus that naturally elicits the target response the (A)______ and its response (B)_________
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A)Unconditioned Stimulus
B)Unconditioned Response |
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In Classical Conditioning, Pavlov called the Neutral Stimulus (A)_______ and the response it produced after conditioning the (B)________
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A) Conditioned Stimulus
B) Conditioned Response |
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Pavlov found that, for Classical Conditioning to occur, the CS must precede the US- What is this called?
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Forward Conditioning
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Includes presenting the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the unconditioned stimulus(US)
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Delay Conditioning
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It entails presenting and terminating the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) prior to presenting the Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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Trace Conditioning
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Occurs when the CS and US are presented at the same time
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Simulataneous Conditioning
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Of the three Procedures-Delay, Trace, and Simulataneous conditioning, which is the most effective for establishing a CR and which is the least effective?
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Most Effective = Delay
Least Effective = Simulataneous |
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True or False: The greater the number of trials, the stronger and more persistant the Conditioned response
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True
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What occurs more rapidly when the CS is intense, novel, or distinctive from other stimuli?
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Classical Conditioning
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The Strength of a CR is measured by assiessing what?
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A)It's Strength
B)It's Rate C)The latency between presentation of the CS and occurance of CR D)The Persistance of the CR (How long it is elicted by the CS in the absence of the US) |
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True or False: A CS-CR connection has been established if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, The CS-CR connection eventually decays
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True
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The gradual disappearance of a conditional response is the result of presentation of the CS alone is referred to as
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Classical Extinction
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What is this; An experimental subject often responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to Stimuli that are similar to it. The fewer the number of trials and the lnger the delay between conditioning and testing, the greater the stimulus genralization.
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Stimulus Generalization
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What is the name of the opposite of stimulus genralization and refers to the ability to discriminate between similar stimuli and respond only to the CS with a CR
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Studies on Stimulus Discrimination led to the discovery that very difficult discriminations can lead to what?
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Experimental Neurosis
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True or False; Pavlov discovered that when a second Neutral Stimulus was repeatedly paired with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) the second Neutral Stimulus alone eventually produced a conditioned response (CR). This is called higher order condtioning.
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True
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What is another name for higher order conditioning?
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Second Order Conditioning
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Who are the theorist associated with Operant Conditioning?
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Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner |
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What are Thorndikes best known studies?
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His best known studies involve placing hungry cats in puzzle boxes that required the animals to make a particulare response (e.g. pulling a loop of string)
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What are Thorndikes conclusions about leaning?
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He concluded that learning is not due to mental events or thinking about a problem, but instead to connections that develop between responses and stimuli as the consequence of trial and error. A connectionism.
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Describes Thorndkes-Instrumental Learning
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Because the behaviors he was studying were instrumental in helping the animals achieve a goal, he referred to this phenomenon as Instrumental learning
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Describe Skinners-Respondant Behaviors
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Those behaviors (Reflexes) that are automatically elicited by certain stimuli
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Describe Skinners-Operant Behaviors
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Operant behaviors are voluntarily emitted as the result of the way they operate on the environment. (e.g. as a rsult of the consequences that follow them)
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True or False; Skinners principles of reinforcement and punishment can be viewed as an extension of Thorndikes law and effect.
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Ture
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True or False; Reinforcements and punishments can be either positive or negative?
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True
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In Reinforcement and punishment, what does the term positive and negative refer to?
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Positve = Refers to the application of a stimulus
Negative = Means witholding or removing a stimulus |
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Describe Postive Reinforcement
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Perfomance of a behavior increases as the result of the application of a stimulus following the behavior. (Ex; In Thorndikes experiiment, a cats "pulling on the string" behavior increased because it led to the attainment of food.
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Describe Negative Reinforcement
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A behavior increases as the result of the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus
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True or False; Punishment can be postive or negative?
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True
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When does postive punishment occur?
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It occurs when the application of a stimulus followinng a response decreases that response. (Ex. Slapping a dog with a newspaper after he chews up your favorite shoes-hopefully after being hit with the newspaper-the dog will no longer chew your shoes.
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When does negative punishment occur?
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When a stimulus is removed following a behavior and as a rsult the behavior decreases. (Taking away a childs allowance whenver he back talks-to decrease that behavior)
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Skinner usually looked at such behaviors as bar pressing and key pecking in rats and pigeons within the confines of a box like operant chamber (Skinner Box). In a typical + reinforcement experiment water or food was delivered into the box via a delivery tube whenver the animal pressed the bar or pecked the key----What is this called?
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Operant Strength
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How did Skinner evaluate the effectiveness of Operant Conditioning (A)_______. What did this entail (B)________?
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A) Measuring Operant Strength
B1)Determining the reate of responding druing acquisition trials B2)determining the total number of responses made during extraction trials (the period when no reinforcement is provided) |
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In Operant conditioning, (A)What --refers to witholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease or eliminate that behavior?
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Extinction
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A temporary increase in responding during extinction trials is called (A) What?
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An extinction (response) burst
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What does the following describe: When a subject has been reinforced for two different behaviors and reinforcement for one behavior is withdrawn in order to extinguish it, the other behavior is more likely to increase
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Behavioral Contrast
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Whose Theory of Obeservational Learning proposes that a person can simply observe another person ( a model) perform a behavior and subsequently display that behavior himself or herself without external reinforcement?
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Albert Bandura
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Who is best know for studies in which children observed an adult model act aggressively toward an inflated clown (Bobo Doll) and when later left alone with the doll the children displayed similar aggressive behaviors toward the doll while children who had not viewed the model did not exhibit these behaviors.
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Albert Bandura
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Who concluded that observational learning reflects an alteration in cognition involving four different processes including attentional, retention, prodcution, and motivational.
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Albert Bandura
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Which Process is described below? Observational learning requires that the learner attend to, and accurately percive the model behavior.
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Attentional Process
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Describe Retention Process
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Reproduction of a modeled behavior requires that the learner symbolically preocess the modeled bheavior in memory via visual imagey or verbal coding. Retention is enhanced through cognitive rehearsal
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Describe Production Process
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The learner must be able to accurately reproduce and rehearse the modeled behavior. Production is enhanced through practice and performance feedback.
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Describe Motivational Process
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The learner must be motivated to acquire and perform the modeled behavior. Motivation is enhanced when the learner is reinforced, but the reinforcement can be either internal (self-reinforcement), vicarious, or external
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Studies have shown that obsevational learning is most effective when it is combined with (A) What
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Guided Participation.(Progressive Performance by the learner with assistance from the model)
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True or False; It was found that live modeling with guided participation or (participant modeling) was superior to symbolic modeling (observation of a filmed model) or systematic desensitization.
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True
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The cognitive learning theories stress the (A)______
______ ________ occur during learning, and reject the assumption that (B)_______ ________ is a necessary ccondition for learning to occur |
A) Internal Thought Processes
B) External Reinforcement |
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Tolman viewed learning as "purposive" or oriented toward the (A)________. He also proposed that learning often takes place without being manifested in (B)_________; In other words he believed that learning can be (C)___________
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A) Achievement of Specific goals
B) Performance Improvement C) Latent |
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Gestalt Psychology includes a model of learning that incorporates the role of internal (A)__________
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A)Cognitive Processes
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Kohler argued that learning can be the result of?
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Insight
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Kohler proposed that such an "aha" experience reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the (A)_________ that improves the Organisms ability to achieve it's goals.
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A) Perceptual Field (environment)
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Bandura's theory of observational learning proposes that a person can simply (A)________ ________ ________ Perform a behavior and subsequently display that behavior him or herself without (B) ___________ __________
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A) Observe another person (model)
B) external reinforcement |
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According to Pavlov, the phenomenon known as (A)_________ indicates that once something is learned it is never forgotton.
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A)Spontaneous Recovery
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Experimental Neurosis is the result of?
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Difficult discriminations
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Classical Extinction occurs when?
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The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented alone
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A loud noise which produces a startle response is paired with a flashing light so that the light, when presented alone elicits a startle response. The loud noise in this situation is?
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The Unconditioned Stimulus
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Most likely, the startle response produced by the flashing light in the above situation will be weaker or stronger than the response elicited by the loud noise?
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Weaker thatn the response elicited by the loud noise
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A tone is subsequently presented prior to the flashing light several times, so that eventually, the tone also elictis a startle response. This procedure is an example of?
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Higher Order Conditioning
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Negative Reinforcement is used to increase or decrease behavior?
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Increase behavior (Ex. Pressing lever will stop electric shock-Pressing lever will increase)
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What is generally the best schedule for intially establishing a behavior?
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Continuous One
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The intermittent reinforcement associated with the greatest resistance to extinction is the (A)________Schedule?
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Varible Ratio
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Thorndikes (A)________ Proposes that behaviors which are followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to occur again.
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Law of Effect
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The removal of a stimulus following a behavior decreases that behavior. In other words the stimulus is acting as a(n) _________
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Negative Punishment
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A mother has been giving her son a hug whenever he says "please" following a request. She decides to stop reinforcing her son in this way. Right after she stops hugging her son, she can expect that the frequency with which he says please will?
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Temporarily Increase
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A father scolds his son each time the boy whines. The boy's whining increases. In this situation the fathers scolding is acting as a(n)?
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Positive Reinforcer
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What is a secondary reinforcer
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It is associated with a reinforcer that has inherent value
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In Operant Conditioning, Stimulus genralization involves performing the same response in the presnce of?
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Stimulus similar to the original discriminative stimulus
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According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition and retention of an observed behavior is attributable in part to
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Self-Reinforcement, Vicarious and External reinforcement
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For Kohler, the "Aha" experience is a reflection of?
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Insight
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For Tolman, "Cognitive maps" are the result of
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Connectionism
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What is another name for guided participation?
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Participant Modeling
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