Learning

refers to a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli

any object or even that elicits (produces) a response from an organism

is a reaction by an organism to a stimulus

is any stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring, automatic response.

is the response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented, it is a reflexive involuntary response that is predictably caused by a UCS

is the stimulus that is 'neutral' at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the unconditioned response.

is the learned response that is produced by the CS, it occurs after the CS has been associated with the UCS. The behaviour in a CR is very similar to that of the UCR, but is triggered by the CS alone.

is anything that does not normally produce a predictable response.

is the overall process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the CS and the UCS)

the duration of this stage is measured by the number of trials it takes for the CR to be acquired (learned)

the end of this stage is said to occur when the CS alone produces the CR

is the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period (eg. when no CS is presented) after the CR appears to have been extinguished.

refers to the tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the original CS to produce a response that is similar (but not necessarily identical) to the CR

occurs when a person or animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the S

can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience

involves presenting successive approximations of the CS until the CS itself does not produce the conditioned response

it may involve:

imaginal exposure - imagining each situation using visual imagery

in vivo exposure - real life exposure to each fear producing situation

involves bringing the client into direct contact with the anxiety or fear producing stimulus and keeping them in contact with it until the conditioned response is extinguished.

a form of behaviour therapy that applies classical cond. processes to inhibit/discourage undesirable behaviour by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus (eg. disgust, pain, or nausea)

involves learning by trying alternative possibilities until the desired outcome is achieved.

1) attention

2) retention

3) replication

4) motivation & reinforcement

-exploration --> an increase in activity, either purposeful or random

-incorrect & correct responses

-reward --> the correct response is made & rewarded

a type of learning whereby the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future

any response (or set of responses) that acts on the environment to produce some kind of consequence

voluntary behaviour that occurs in the presence of the discriminative stimulus

the environmental event that occurs immediately after the response and determines whether or not the response will occur

is the stimulus (object or event) that precedes a particular response

three parts that occur in a specific sequence in order for operant conditioning to take place

is a small chamber in which an experimental animal learns to make a particular response for which the consequences can be controlled by the researcher

how often the response is made

rate of response

occurs when a stimulus (object or event) strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows

occurs from giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made

is a stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence

is any stimulus (object or event) that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows

any unpleasant or aversive stimulus that, when removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response

is the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus