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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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learning
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learning that certain events occur together
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associative learning
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events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
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associative learning
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a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
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classical/Pavlovian conditioning
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a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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classical/Pavlovian conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
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operant conditioning
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the view that psychology should be an objective science
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behaviorism
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studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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behaviorism
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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salivation when food is in the mouth
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unconditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
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the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened
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acquisition
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in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response
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acquisition
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in operate conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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acquisition
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the diminishing of a conditioned response
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extinction
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occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
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extinction
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occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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extinction
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the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
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spontaneous recovery
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses
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generalization
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in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus
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discrimination
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in operant conditioning, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced
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discrimination
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
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respondent behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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operant behavior
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principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
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Law of effects
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principle that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Law of effects
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a chamber containing a bar of key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcers, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning
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Skinner box
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal
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shaping
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state
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positive reinforcement
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in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
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negative reinforcement
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer
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secondary reinforcement (conditioned reinforcers)
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time
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partial reinforcement
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results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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partial reinforcement
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in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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fixed ratio
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in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at a unpredictable time intervals
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variable interval
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in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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fixed interval
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in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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variable ration
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an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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punishment
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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cognitive map
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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latent learning
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the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
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over justification effect
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the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
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over justification effect
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learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
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observational learning
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the process of observing and imitating a behavior
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modeling
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