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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pontine to (what?) to Occipital, these are "spikes that jerk you at the onset of sleeping.
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geniculate
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"During arousal, there is alpha blocking." Answer either (1) What is alpha? or (2) How would you observe alpha?
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relaxed EEG with eyes closed 8-13 Hz, record EEG with electrodes on the scalp.
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A sleep pathway involving serotonin and norepinephrine in the area between the pontine reticular formation and the midbrain goes to spinal motor neurons to mediate atonia with what neurotransmitter?
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glycine
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Why do they call REM sleep "paradoxical sleep?"
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the EEG has the aroused pattern (alpha blocking)
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Explain in terms of Ashoff''s rule how the human free-running circadian rhythm deviates from 24 hours.
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it is longer than 24 hours when a diurnal animal is in the dark, it is like the person is waiting for dawn
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For mice OR for Drosophila, state the name of a visual pigment molecule involved in entrainment that is not rhodopsin.
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melanopsin, cryptochrome
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The discoveries of long (29 hr) and short (19 hr) per (period) mutants paved the way to the characterization of how the PER gene and the protein it encodes function in the non-mutant animal. How does PER contribute to the biological clock?
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the PER mRNA and protein increase and decrease on a daily cycle
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Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
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eeg resembles that of the aroused state
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"It is like a sympathetic ganglion in the brain." Answer either (1) Why? Or (2) What structure?
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puts out norepinephrine, locus coeruleus
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What place in the brain has photoreceptors that are important in entraining circadian rhythms in vertebrates with small heads?
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pineal
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Say something about the location or function of melanopsin.
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in ganglion cells, can mediate entrainment to light/dark cycle even if there are no rods
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Explain why most people want to stay up late and get up late in terms of a "rule" proposed by a famous circadian biologist.
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human (diurnal animal) circadian rhythm is longer than 24 hours according to Ashoffs rule
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In a neurochemical circuit initiated by the serotonin and norepinephrine secreting parts of the brain, motor neurons are inhibited during sleep with what spinal cord inhibitory transmitter?
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glycine
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Say something (anything) about melanopsin, What animals have it? What cells have it? Why is it called "melanopsin?"
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frogs have it in skin mediating melanin dispersal, in ganglion cells of mammals to mediate entrainment
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How would you know if a subject is in stage I, II, III, or IV sleep?
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on the basis of EEG, slow waves for deep sleep
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For REM sleep, what happens to the electroencephalogram (EEG)?
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becomes like EEG of awake, aroused subject
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Why would a cat restrained with a dish of water in front of it be specifically deprived of REM sleep?
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loss of neck tone during REM would drop face in water and wake the cat up
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Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
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EEG appears like aroused state
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A person put in the constant darkness after having been in a light-dark cycle of 12 hr on - 12 hr off will have an activity cycle that is not exactly 24 hr. Give details.
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would go to >24 hrs, sleep in on Saturday morning
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By what visual pigment do ganglion cells of the eye mediate entrainment of a circadian rhythm?
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melanopsin
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"Carotenoid deprivation decreases visual sensitivity in Drosophila (obviously) but not the sensitivity to stimuli to change the cycle for pupal emergence." What does that mean about the photoreceptive pigment?
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it is not a rhodopsin based on retinoids (it is cryptochrome)
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"Per mutations affect the ultradian rhythm of the courtship rhythm in the same way they affect the circadian rhythm." What does ultradian mean in this context?
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way shorter than 24 hrs, courtship song is
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During paradoxical sleep, what inhibitory transmitter goes down to spinal motor neurons?
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glycine
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Relate the conventional wisdom that most people would like to stay up later and stay asleep when the alarm goes off to the expression "circadian rhythm."
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about a day is a little longer than 24 hrs for most people
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In which cells does melanopsin reside to mediate photic entrainment in mammals?
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ganglion cells
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EEG spikes from pontine reticular formation to geniculate to occipital cortex (PGO spikes) are associated with the onset of what?
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REM sleep
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What is cryptochrome used for?
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blue light receptor interacts with other proteins for circadian rhythm
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What part of the brain spreads norepinephrine to a wide brain distribution?
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locus coeruleus
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When are there slow (delta) waves in the EEG?
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deep (non REM)
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What happens with the levels of the protein product of the period gene in Drosophila?
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it cycles
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In an experimental animal, what does the researcher change to go from entrainment to free-run?
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the lighting cycle (to constant light or dark)
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Why is REM (rapid eye movement) sleep called "paradoxical" sleep?
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EEG as if awake (and respiration and circulation higher)
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"A person's endogenous circadian rhythm has a period of >24 hours." What would you do to demonstrate that?
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after entraining on a 24 hr photoperiod, go to constant lighting (free run) and watch it go to over 24 hr
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Very recent literature demonstrated that mice lacking rod and cone photoreceptors are blind but they still could be entrained to a photoperiod. What is the photoreceptor (pigment and cell type)?
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melanopsin ganglion cells
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Sleep disorders and their treatments were put into the context of excitatory vs inhibitory transmitters. Serotonin was depicted as excitatory. What transmitter, derived from serotonin, was in the inhibitory category?
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melatonin
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"PGO spikes are seen at the onset of REM." Translate.
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PGO (pontine reticular formation-geniculate-cortex) spikes are seen in the EEG at the beginning of rapid eye movement sleep
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What is the transmitter of the locus coeruleus?
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NE
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Why do they call them "circadian" rhythms?
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about (not exactly) a day for endogenous biological rhythms
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In lizards, light stimulates the pineal. In humans, light affects the pineal. How?
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from eye to hypothalamus by circuitous route to pineal
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Cryptochrome is one interesting pigment and circadian receptor. Name another (other than rod and cone rhodopsins).
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melanopsin
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"PER is a nuclear protein whose mRNA and protein cycle." Translate.
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the way circadian genes work in circadian timing is that the protein feeds back to regulate its mRNA (which of course makes the protein) hence levels go up and down
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