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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zygote
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Multicellular human being.
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Embryonic period
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3rd-8 weeks: the most visible advances occur
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Fetal Period
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Months 3-9
Differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occur, and rate of body growth increase |
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Stage 1
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Begins at fertilization and embryonic development. Ends at stage 23, day 56
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Trimester
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A period of 3 months, three trimester. 9 month gestation period. The most critical stages of development happen at during the first 13 weeks, 1st trimester
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Gametes
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haploid cells
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Gametogenesis
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Process of formation and development of specialized generative cells - oocytes and sperms. chromosome number is reduced by half, and shape of cells are altered.
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Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogonia are transformed into mature sperms. This begins at puberty.
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Spermatogonia
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They are dormant in the seminiferous tubules of the tests during fetal, and postnatal periods.They increase in number during puberty.
They become transformed into primary spermatocytes, largest germ cell in the seminiferous tubules. |
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Secondary Spermatocyte
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Primary spermatocyte (diploid), goes through meiosis 1, and makes secondary spermactocyte (meiosis 1). These are 2n, have sister chromatids
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Spermatids
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Result of meiosis 2, has only 1 set of chromosomes and they're haploid.
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Spermiogenesis
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Process through which spermatids are gradually transformed into four mature sperms
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Sertoli cells
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They line the seminiferous tubules and support and nurture the germ cells, involved in regulation of spermatogenesis
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Epididymis
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It is the elongated coiled tube at the posterior border of the tests. It is continuous with the vas deferens, transports sperms to the urethra.
Sperms are transported passively from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis, where they are stored and become fully functionally mature during puberty. |
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Acrosome
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Cap-like saccular organelle containing several enzymes, anterior of the sperm head. Contains enzymes that help it penetrate the zona pellucida during fertilization
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Parts of the sperm tail
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Middle piece, principal piece, end piece.
Middle: contains mitochondria |
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Oogenesis
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Sequence of events by which oogonia are transformed into mature oocytes. Maturation of oocyte begins before birth and completed after puberty. Oogenesis continues to menopause
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Oogonia
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Goes through mitosis
Primordial female sex cell enlarge to form primary oocytes before birth. As the primary oocyte form, connective tissue |
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Primary oocyte
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Begin the first meiotic divisions before birth, but completion of prophase doesn't happen till puberty.
Female sex cells enlarge to form primary oocytes, and as this forms connective tissue cells surround them and form a single layer of flattened, folicular cells. This is called a primordial follicle |
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Primary Follicle
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During puberty, the primary oocyte enlarges and the follicular epithelial cells become cuboidal and then columnar in shape
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Zona Pellucida and Corona Radiata
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The primary oocyte then becomes surrounded by amorphous acellular glycoprotein material called Zona Pellucida
Layer of follicular cells that surround the secondary oocyte. |
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Secondary oocyte (follicle)
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Upon time for ovulation, primary oocyte increases in size, and completes the first meiotic division, and gives rise to secondary oocyte and first polar body. First polar body contains 23 sister chromosomes, but has next to no cytoplasm.
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At ovulation
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Secondary oocyte beings second miosis, but stops at metaphase. If the sperm enters, and fertilization happens, miosis 2 is complete and the 2nd polar body is released while the fertilized oocyte retains most of the cytoplasm
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Numbers of oocyte
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2 million primary oocyte in ovaries of newborn female, adolescent has 40,000, only 400 end up being involved in ovulation
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2nd polar body formation
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Secondary occyte is arrested at metphase 2 during ovulation. If fertilization occurs, meiosis 2 is completed and 2nd polar body is formed and kicked out to let mature of the fertilized oocyte to begin
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Karytogamy
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fusion of the nuclei of 2 sex cells
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Three layers of the body of the uterus
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Perimetrium: thin external layer
Myometrium: thick, smooth muscle layer Endometrium: thin, internal layer. |
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Endometrium
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At the peak of its development, endometrium is 4-5mm thick. The basal layer that has its own blood supply is not slouched off during menstruation, but the spongy layer called functional layer is slouched off during menstruation.
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4 parts of the uterine tube
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infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus (th silent), and uterine part
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Ovaries
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located close to the lateral pelvic walls on each side of the uterus, produces oocytes. Also produces estrogen and progesterone
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Ovulation
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Gonadrotropin-releasing hormone is synthesized and released by hypothalamus to anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates the release of two hormones that act on the ovaries: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
These hormones induce growth of ovarian follicles and endometrium |
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FSH
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Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by the follicular cells
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LH
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Serves as the "trigger" for ovulation (release of secondary oocyte) and stimulates the follicular cells and corpus luteum to produce progesterone
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4 charcteristics of developing Ovarian Follicle
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1) Growth and differentiation of primary oocyte
2) Proliferation of follicular cells 3) Formation of zona pellucida 4) Development of the theca folliculi |
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Theca Folliculi
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As primary follicle increases in size, adjacent connective tissue organizes into capsule called this.
There are two layers, theca folliculi interna and theca folliculi externa. Interna is a capsule like structure produces androstenedione, which produces estradiol, |
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Antrum
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The space that is formed when secondary oocyte is getting formed coalesces to form a cavity that contains follicular fluid.
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Cumulus oophorus
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It is the mound of follicular cells that surround the developing 2ndary oocyte and push it to one side. It also extends into the antrum.
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Ovulation
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Midcycle, under the influence of FSH and LH ovarian follicular undergoes a sudden growth spurt...produces a bulge on surface of ovary. A stigma (swelling) appears on ovary
Surge of LH production triggers ovulation. Ovulation follows LH peak by 12-24 hours. LH surge causes the cumulus oophorus and secondary oocyte to balloon out onto the fimbriae |