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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a stressor? |
the threat- includes external events or internal factors including pain |
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What is homeostasis |
the tendency of a sytem, especially in physiological system, to maintain internal stability, owing to coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or fxn |
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What is stress? |
Real or perceived perturbation to physiological homeostasis or psychological well-being - biological response elicited when individual perceives threat to its homeostasis |
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What is distress? |
Bad stress - stress response has a deleterious effect on individual welfare - aversive, negative state in which coping and adaptation processes fail to return an organism to physiol/psycholog homeostasis |
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What is chronic stress? |
same stressor constantly, summation of multiple stressors or subclinical stressors |
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What is the opposite of bad stress? |
Eustress! |
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What is suffering? |
Negative emotional state associated w/ distress - can be due to adverse physical, physiolog, or psycholog circumstances - moderated by cognitive capacity and experiences of an individual |
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What is the HPA response? |
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. Long lasting effect stress response - increase in cortisol and corticosterone |
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What are the challenges with measuring animal welfare? |
Interpretation of results involves values Scientific findings will not eliminate value based differences Animal welfare cannot be measured directly, only assessed in a manner similar to safety or health |
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What are the 3 welfare assessment types? Which is animal welfare? |
Type 1- single attribute can be measured Type 2- single attribute in principle but involves integrating contributing values Type 3- multiple attributes linked by some commonality of function - Animal welfare is type 3 |
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What is a type 1 level of measurement of welfare |
Single attribute that can be measured |
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What is a Type 2 level of measurement of welfare? |
Single attribute in principle but contributing variables must be integrated - Productivity, stress, health, behaviour - none of these totally fit in window of type 2! so this doesn't work |
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What is a Type 3 level of measurement of welfare? |
Multiple attributes linked by some commonality of function - Different attributes measured objectively - Common link = animal quality of life - Interpretation involves values - Welfare can't be measured directly- only assessed |
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Can animal welfare be measured? |
BIG OL NO. It can only be ASSESSED. |
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How is animal health more like animal health or the concept of safety? |
It can only be assessed similarly to safety and health. |
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What are the weaknesses of a type 1 and 2 concept of animal welfare? |
type 1- No one factor involves no other factors (that's pretty well impossible, dontcha think? type 2- No variable is independent from any other variable |
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What are the 4 major biological responses to stress? |
1)Behaviour 2) ANS 3) HPA 4) Immune system |
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Explain the behavioural response to stress. |
-Fight or flight, freeze, withdrawal. - Modified by species, environment etc. - Variable response of individual animals to same stimulus - Options are limited by the environment |
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Explain the autonomic nervous system response to stress. |
-Short term response with quick physiological adjustment -Improves learning and memory -Hard to measure due to brevity |
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Explain the HPA response to stress |
-Long lasting effects on body -All body fxns affected by stress as it is regulated by the pituitary hormones -Increase in cortisol and corticosterone |
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Explain the immune system response to stress. |
-It is modified by other systems (like the HPA) -Cytokines involved with communication between NS and Immune system -Measure of immune competence to look at disease components of stress |
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What are a few challenges in measuring animal stress? |
- You need to stress the animals =( - Different stressors can elicit different types of responses -Stresses vary between animals - Outside factors or modifiers can affect outcomes - How do we separate real world from lab? - How can we establish herd/population stress? |
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Draw the model representing animal welfare, adapting capacity, stress levels and distress. |
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What is the stress model? |
Regular stress is brief, cost minimal and non-threatening and biological reserves can deal with it |
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What is the general distress model? |
Insufficient reserves to deal with biological cost of stress. - Shift resources from other bio fxns - stress results in metabolic shift from growth/repro - animals enter prepathological state and are experiencing distress |
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What is acute stress? |
- Short duration with large biological costs - Disruption of biological events (ie ovulation) - diversion of biological resources away from fxn (retardation of growth) |
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What is chronic, same acute stressor model? |
The same stressor (environment, heat, cold etc) adds up over time |
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What is chronic summation of several stressors model? |
Different stressors compound over time. |
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What is the chronic, subclinical stressor model? |
The stress doesn't cause enough shift in resources to impair other functions - vulnerable to effect of other stressors - either stressor alone would have no effect, but accumulated biological cost would result in distress |
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What are some stressors associated with traditional weaning? |
1) youner than natural 2) new social environment (no adults, mixing with strangers, new social hierarchy) 3) physical separation of mother/calf 4) premature end of lactation 5) transportation 6) new location 7) new diet |
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What is the results of weaning on stress in calves? |
It is the single greatest stressor we impose on calves!! - creates immunocompromised individuals (more calves treated for disease/health post weaning than other times) - weaning causes visible changes and overt signs of distress last 3-5 days - weaning cause noticeable set back in performance |
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What is the key to determining when stress affects animal's welfare? |
biological cost of the stress - when cost of coping diverts resources from other biol fxns an animal is experiencing distress and is vulnerable to pathologies |
