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29 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Staphylococcus |
•Facultative anaerobic - live w/O2 but doesn't need it •Bile Salts •Catalase - breaks down H2O2 •Coagulase - cause blood to clog •S.aureus (+) Coagulase •S.epidermidis (-) Coagulase |
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Staphylococcus aureus (+) Coagulase |
•exotoxins (e.g. exfoliatin) •produces protein A •prevents opsonization & phagocytization •strong IgG •weak IgA & IgM |
allows to invade immune system |
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Staphylococcus: Cutaneous |
•Causes skin infection •Folliculitis (carbuncles, furuncles) •Impetigo |
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Staphylococcus: Systemic |
•Acute infective endocarditis (damage in heart valves) •Osteomyelitis (bone marrow possible infected) •Pneumonia (bronchopneumonia & lobar) •Septicemia (gets into blood stream) |
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Staphylococcus: Toxins |
•Food Poisoning •Staphylococcal Scalded skin syndrome (skin infection where toxin exfoliate cause skin to separate like 2nd degree burns in infants) •Toxic Shock syndrome - caused by tampons |
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Staphylococcus: Treatment |
•amoxicillin/clavulanate, erythromycin (beta lactamase) •Vancomycin, nafcillin, oxacillin (stronger antibiotics admitted to hospital) |
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Streptococcus |
•Facultative anaerobe - live w/O2 but doesn't need it •(-) Catalase •(-) Coagulase •α hemolysis (partial) •β hemolysis (completely) •Y hemolysis (no breakdown) |
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Streptococcus: α hemolytic |
•S.Viridans - Dental Caries •S. pneumoniae •Cellulitis - skin infection •Lobar Pneumonia •Meningitis •Otitis Media •URTI (bronchitis, sinusitis) - respiratory infection |
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Streptococcus: β hemolytic |
Divided to groups per carbohydrates present on cell wall •Group A - G (based on A, B, D) |
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Group A Streptococcus(GAS) - S.pyogenes (pus producing) |
•M Proteins- Binds to C3b, prevents opsonization & phagocytosis (similar to protein A) •Streptokinase- activates plasminogen cascade to promote fibrinolysis (stop clogging) •Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins - exotoxins; superantigen (binds multi-antibodies cause body immune response) |
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Streptococcus: GAS diseases |
•Impetigo (vesicular, blistered eruption common in children) •Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat) |
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Streptococcus: Complications of GAS infection? |
•Glomerulonephritis (kidneys) •Rheumatic Fever (joint problems, heart damaged, pneumatic heart failure 20 yrs later in western countries) |
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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) B for Baby |
•S.Agalactiae - found in GI & GU tract •Causes pneumonia & meningitis (inoculating into body lung cavity, prophylactic & penicillin drugs) •Increase PROM in pregnancy |
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Group D Streptococcus (GDS) |
•Facultative anaerobic (in GI don't like O2 but will tolerate, harsh environment) •Re-classified as Enterococcus •Tolerant Of a wide range of environments |
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Enterococcus: E. faecalis |
E.faecalis |
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Enterococcus: E. faecium |
•Relatively harmless unless gets into other parts of the body •Intrinsically resistant antibiotics (strong antibiotics needed) •UTI (disease caused) •Meningitis (disease cause pathogen) •Diverticulitis (colon inflammation) •Endocarditis (septic) |
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Bacillus |
•Obligate Aerobe (requires O2) or facultative anaerobe (live w/O2 but ferment w/o O2) •(+) Catalase in the presence of oxygen •Endospore & Non-endospore •B.anthracis (pathogenic both endospores) •B.cereus (food poisoning on rice bacillus dies but not endospores) |
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Bacillus anthracis (fatal if untreated) |
•Cutaneous: Contact w/endospores, inflammation, formation of eschar (black, painless lesion; formed necrotic tissues), can cause toxemia •Gastrointestinal: Ingestion of infected meat, lesions in the GI, massive GI hemorrhage |
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Bacillus anthracis: Vaccines available? |
•Antibiotic - erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, vancomycin •Monoclonal antibodies |
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Clostridium |
•Obligate anaerobes (requires O2 to survive) •Endospores •Significant pathogenic clostridium •C.botulinum; C.difficile; C.perfringens; C.tetani |
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Clostridium perfringens |
•Endospores survive high temperatures: germination of endospores causes gastroenteritis •Rare, C. perfringens cause Clostridial necrotizing enteritis (necrotizing inflammation of small bowel caused by B-toxin) •Toxin necrotizing damage to muscles leading to gas gangrene •Produces enterotoxins: food poisoning |
Severe gangrene treated: hyperbaric (high pressure) Less severe - no antibiotics |
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Clostridium difficile |
•Anaerobic, endospores producing •Toxin A (enterotoxin) (food poisoning) •Toxin B (cytotoxin) (kills cell w/in 24 hrs ) |
What would you prescribe? Metronidazole & vancomycin |
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Clostridium difficile pseudomembrane form from? |
exudate & composed of dead WBC cells, fibrin |
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Clostridium difficile intrinsic antibiotic resistance? |
pseudomembrane & formation of endospores makes treatment difficult |
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Clostridium botulinum |
•Anaerobic, endospores producing •Ingestion of spores & subsequent germination of the spores lead botulinum toxins being released within the GI tract (Botulism & infantile botulism) •Injection of spores into wounds cause the toxins to released into bloodstream (Wound Botulism) |
•Affect cranial nerves; eyesight, eyelids drop, speak, chewing, effect arms/legs, stop respiratory breathing, conscience live •Botulism - flaccid •Infant botulism - flopping baby syndrome •Wound Botulism - intravenous drugs |
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Clostridium botulinum treatment? |
•Antibodies for toxin (Antitoxin) •Supportive care |
Fatal if untreated |
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Clostridium tetani |
•Anaerobic, endospores producing •Two exotoxin - Tetanolysin (don't know) •Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin - spasms, paralysis, painful contracting unable to move) |
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Clostridium tetani introduced through? |
Wounds |
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Clostridium tetani treatment? |
•Antitoxin •Benzodiazepam - spasms, sleep aid •Booster shots •Metronidazole |
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