Ling

Sounds, Words, Sentences

The articulation and perception of speech sound

The system of sounds and how to string them together

Study of internal word structure

the smallest unit of language that can be associated with meaning or grammatical function

Study of sentence structure

the arbitrary relationship between words and meaning

difference between literal meaning and what the speaker really means

things people DO/CAN say

rules people SHOULD use

Stock of words of a language(mental dictionary)

Containing only one morpheme

Containing multiple morphemes

Must contribute to meaning and must be able to combine with other morphemes to create new words

A root or root with one or more affixes that can be used to attach affixes

A morpheme that attaches to roots or stems and changes meaning

An Affix that comes before a stem

An affix that goes after a stem

An affix that surrounds a stem, broken into two parts

Affix inside a word "Fan-F*ckin-Tastic"

A type of morpheme that can appear by itself or with other morphemes attached to it

A type of morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morhpemes

An affix that when attached to a word, it makes a new word with a new meaning

An affix that simply adapts the word to the context of the sentence without changing part of speech

A type of morpheme that has some kind of indentifiable meaning

A type of morpheme that gives information about grammatical function by relating words of a sentence

The process of combining two or more free morphemes

Abbreviations pronounced like words

The combining of two different words to make a new word (Tayblee)

Alphabet Spelling

Part of the respiratory system located below the larynx

Voicebox. Contains vocal chords and glottis

Composed of the oral and nasal cavities

Tongue is higher or lower in your mouth

Horizontal position of the tongue

Sequence of two vowel sounds

Two words/morpheme that differ by just one sound in the same position

A set of possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language

Combing a finite number of words and morphemes to create potentially infinite sentences

A group of words, or phrase that belong together and can be combined to make sentences.

When a sentence has more than one possible way to group consituents

Vibration of vocal chords

Air forced through the opening between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge

Stand alone(can you ask a question for which the group of words can form a grammatical answer?), move as a unit(Can it be displaced as a unit), replacement(Can you substitute the constituent as a while with a proform?)///Only need one test to come out grammatical in order to conclude the string of words is a constituent

NP --> (Det) N'

NP--> NP PP

NP-->NP NP

N'-->Adj N

N'-->N

VP-->V (NP)

VP-->Vp PP

VP-->V (CP)

PP-->P (NP)

S-->NP Vp

CP--> C S

Complementizer = that, and, but etc.

The difference in meaning is where the PP is adjoined

One or more of the words of the sentence has multiple meanings

Two sentences that describe mutually exclusive situations

Two sentences that express the same thought, convey the same information, are true in the same circumstances

Whenever sentence A is true sentence B is also true

The ability to discriminate between situations in which a declarative sentence is true from those in which it is false

The ability to detect semantic relations and to associate sentences to situations in the world

The different situations in the world would make a sentence true or false

The meaning of a sentence is derived from the meaning of its parts and the way they are syntactically combined

Refers to speaker, hearer, the utterance location, and the utterance time (I, you, here, now)

Points to things in the context(that, this, these, those)

Words that depend on the external context of the conversation in order to have meaning

Points to people/things in the context or previous utternaces(He/him, They/them)

Words change meaning based on what preceded a particular utterance in a discourse

Includes information available to the participants of the conversation regarding the situation in which a given sentence is uttered

Includes information about the relationships between the people who are speaking and what their roles are

Inferences about what the speaker intended to communicate

The assumption that the person we are speaking with is making the best contribution possible

Quality-be truthful///quantity-be informative///relation-be relevant///manner-be clear

During conversation: Make your contribution as informative as is required. Do not say more than is required.

During conversation: Address the topic/point that’s key to the current purpose of the conversation. This prevents random topic shifts

During conversation: avoid ambiguity and obscurity. Also be brief and orderly

During conversation: contribute only what you know to be true and do not say something for which you lack evidence

During conversation: Saying something obviously false has the effect of communicating a comment on the perceived truth of the original claim

During conversation: By saying something off topic, you can indicate that you have no good things to say about the topic

During conversation: being sarcastic

Can be understood in both directions

An individual's speech variety

A variety of language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same language in terms of structural or lexical features

a group of people that speak the same dialect

Geographical separation, educational differences, class differences, desire to differentiate themselves

Pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar contribute to this

The dominant or prestige form of a language used by political leaders, the media, and speakers from high socio-economic classes.

Genocide//coerced assimilation//displacement//language shift

Systematic variations in speech based on factors such as topic, setting and person you're talking to. Aka Registers

When lower-middle class speakers go beyond the highest status group in using the standard form in formal styles

Unmonitored speech, the vernacular.

When speaker is providing answers to an interviewer, focused on content. Some self-monitoring.

When reading connected speech, highly self monitored focused on content more than pronunciation

When reading a random list of words, speaker focuses almost completely on pronunciation with attempt to differentiate

Minimal pair, word list, reading passage, interview style, casual speech (from most formal to least formal and from high self-monitoring to low self-monitoring)

Technical language that differs only in lexical items (ex: rhinitis vs runny nose)

informal every day language vs specialized slang of a particular group at a particular time

Must have unmarked gender and a connotation of social power