Ling Test

competence: refers to a speakers knowledge of language

Performance: refers to a speakers use of a language

pronunciation of words

word formation

sentence structure

interpretation of words and sentences

- attempts to describe the form and structure of observed linguistic behaviour

- rules represent knowledge that is acquired without overt instruction

- A determiner precedes a noun in a noun phrase, A subject precedes a verb phrase

- attempts to limit variation and change by establishing guidelines for how people should speak

- Rules represent knowledge that must be learned through overt instruction

- avoid multiple negatives, do not end sentence in a preposition

- Can be made possessive (Fred's brother)

- Can be distinguished for number (sing or plural)

- Preceded by determiner or adjective

- Can be made comparative or superlative (taller or tallest)

- Can be in-between a determiner and a noun (D-A-N)

- Can be preceded by a degree word

- Can occur right before a noun or intervening adjective (a boat, a large boat)

- usually not preceding a noun

- distinguished for person, number, or gender

Can be distinguished for present, past tense, past participle, progressive, infinitive (am/is/are, was/were, been, being, be)

- Frequently formed from adjectives by the addition of -ly (quick-->quickly)

- can be preceded by a degree word

- Can be followed by a D-N or A-N (by the door, with great care)

- can be preceded by a degree word (right(Deg) in(P))

- connecting function

- and, or, but

- occur immediately before an adjective in an adjective verb phrase or an adverb in an adverb phrase

- also can precede prepositions

- contains subject and predicate

lexical verb together with any immediate verb dependants and/or preceding auxiliaries

refers to the number and types of dependants that occur with a verb

occurs with an object (the rat ate the cheese)

occurs with 2 objects (Gary gave his little sister his old car)

occurs with subject compliment (bob is becoming increasingly anxious)

occurs with nothing or adverbial (the rain stopped, he left quickly)

contains only 1 morpheme

contains more than one morpheme

unit of word formation that cannot be analyzed into smaller meaningful parts (motor, dial, real)

morpheme that can occur in isolation (blue, elephant, think)

morpheme that cannot occur by itself (reconsider, sadness, cats)

a lexical morpheme that constitutes the principle element of meaning in a word (unwise, wise is the root)(children, child is the root)

a morpheme that attaches to another morpheme/combination of morphemes (enlarge, en- is affix)(supportive, -ive is affix)

the unit to which an affix attaches

affix that attaches before the stem (rethink, re is prefix)

affix that attaches after the stem (selection, ion is suffix)

Affix that attaches inside a stem (cece-->celce)

Affix that attaches on both sides of stem (chokma--> ikchokmo)

indicates grammatical distinctions within a word class (doesn't change word class N-->N)

nouns can change from plural to possessive

verbs can go from past tense to past participle to progressive to 3rd singular subject agreement

Adjectives can go from comparative to superlative

very productive

some morphemes have a single phonetic form

different forms of morpheme are referred to as allomorphs

creates new words by changing the category and/or basic meaning

not highly productive

creates new words by the addition of a derivation affix

e.g. afford to affordable, goes from V to A

Re- changes verb to verb but still derivational

Un- changes A to A and V to V but still derivational

Creates new words by combining 2 or more stems

e.g bitter + sweet = bittersweet

words formed by affixation and/or compounding can combine with inflectional affixes that occur with the world class in question

e.g appearance to appearances

words composed of roots only

words can be formed by the addition of one or more affixes

affixes easily separated from stems and generally encode a single meaning or grammatical function

affixes not always easily separated from stems and often encode more than a single meaning or grammatical function

words often formed by combining several stems and affixes and often express a meaning that corresponds to an entire sentence

copying all or part of a stem (amber to amberamber)

substitution of one or more sounds in a morpheme in order to express a morphological contrast (mouse/mice)

is the replacement of one form of a morpheme with another that has no systemic phonetic similarity in order to express morphological contrast (good/better, go/went)

word that is form by combining the initial parts of some or all of the words in a phrase (FBI)

process in which words are formed by combining parts of different words (motel= motor + hotel)

process in which word is formed by deleting one or more syllables from an existing word while word meaning stays (gymnasium-->gym, math-->mathematics)

process of forming words by deleting a real or imagined affix based on analogy with other existing words in language, slightly changes meaning (donation-->donate, editor-->edit)

process whereby an existing word is assigned another lexical word category without changing the word form (Comb(v) to Comb(n))